A&P II Ch 14
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| tinnitus | ringing in the ear - sign of injury
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| vertigo | sensation of spinning - disturbance of equilibrium
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| presbycusis | loss of hearing due to aging
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| myringoplasty | surgical removal of tympanic membrane
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| labyrinthitis | inflammation of inner ear
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| blepharoptosis | eyelid closes as a result of weakened muscle
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| optician | fills RXs for glasses and contact lenses - not an MD
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| conjunctivitis | pink eye - inflammation of conjuctiva (mucous membrane)
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| ophthalmologist | MD - total eye care
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| glaucoma | increase of intraocular pressure - damages optic nerve - blindness
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| stapedectomy | micro-surgical removal of the stapes
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| Rhinne test | examination that compares bone conduction and air conduction in an individual - tuning fork
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| electroretinogram | recording of the changes in the electrical potential of the retina after the stimulation of light
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| myringotomy | surgical incision into tympanic membrane
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| electronystagmography | group of tests used in evaluating the vestiulo-ocular reflex
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| tonometry | test determines intraocular pressure (air puff)
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| funduscopy | examination of the fundus of the eye
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| laser iridectomy | creating several small openings in the iris to allow aqueous humor to flow to the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber
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| photo-refractive keratectomy | shaving a few layers of the corneal surface to reduce myopia
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| impacted cerumen | accumulation of waxlike secretions in the external ear - may cause hearing loss
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| mastoiditis | inflammatory process that is typically an acute expansion of the middle ear infection
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| hyperopia | farsightedness - refractive error resulting in impaired close vision
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| myopia | nearsightedness - refractive error resulting in impaired distant vision
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| blepharotosis | drooping of the upper eyelid
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| cataract | vision loss due to clouding of lens
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| diabetic retinopathy | scarring of the retinal capillaries and leakage of blood - decline in sharpness of vision
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| keratitis | inflammation of cornea
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| Meniere's | chronic disease of inner ear characterized by vertigo, hearing loss, fullness in ear and tinnitus
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| ostoclerosis | hearing loss due to the footplate of the stapes becoming immobile and secured to oval window
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| astigmatism | refractive error causing light rays entering eye to be focused irregularly due to abnormally shaped cornea
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| blepharitis | inflammation of eyelid margins
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| chalazion | cyst or nodule on the eyelid
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| ectropion | turning out of the eyelashes
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| hordeolum | stye - bacterial infection of an eyelash follicle or sebaceous gland
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| nystagmus | involuntary movement of the eyes
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| sclera | white outer covering that surrounds eyeball - maintains shape and protects the eyeball
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| iris | colored portion of the eye
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| pupil | in center of the iris that controls amount of light entering the eye
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| conjunctiva | thin, transparent tissue that covers outer surface of the eye
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| lacrimal gland | upper outer edge of the eye - produces tears
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| lacrimal duct | where tears drain from the eye
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| inner canthus | aka medial canthus - where lacrimal/tear duct is located
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| cornea | transparent, non vascular layer covering the colored part of the eye
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| choroid | layer beneath the sclera - contains extensive capillaries that provide blood supply and nutrients to eye
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| lens | colorless biconvex structure that aids in focusing
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| ciliary body | secretes aqueous humor
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| suspensory ligaments | attach to lens and hold it in place - help in focusing
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| retina | third innermost layer - nerve layer that changes the energy of light rays into nerve impulses
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| cones | responsible for visualizing colors, central vision and vision in bright light
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| rods | responsible for vision in dim light and peripheral vision
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| optic nerve | impulses from retina are transmitted through this nerve to the brain
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| optic disc | "blind spot" - contains no rods or cones
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| aqueous humor | clear watery fluid of anterior and posterior chamber
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| vitreous humor | clear jellylike substance that gives shape to the eyeball located in posterior cavity
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| mydriatic | agent that causes the pupil to dilate
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| miotic | agent that causes the pupil to constrict
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| presbyopia | occurs after age 40 - loss of close vision due to loss of elasticity (hyperopia after 40)
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| strabismus | failure of eyes to gaze in same direction due to muscle weakness - convergent strabismus = crosseye, divergent strabismus = walleye
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| ambiopia | aka diplopia - double vision
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| amblyopia | reduced vision that is not correctable with lenses - dullness or dimness of vision
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| three section of ear | external, middle, inner
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| external ear | visible portion - contains auricle (pinna) & external auditory canal
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| middle ear | contains three bones known as the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), the eustachian tube and oval window
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| malleus | hammer shaped bone of middle ear - connected to tympanic membrane and transmits sound vibrations to incus
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| incus | anvil shaped - transmits sound vibrations from malleus to stapes
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| stapes | shaped like a tiny stirrup - transmits sound vibrations from incus to inner ear
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| eustachian tube | connects middle ear to the pharynx
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| oval window | separates middle ear from inner ear - base of stapes fits in oval window
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| inner ear | mazelike structure consisting of bony and membranous structures which are surrounded by fluid
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| membranous structures of inner ear | utricle and saccule, cochlear duct, membranes of semicircular canals
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| vestibule | central portion of inner ear - contains utricle and saccule - sacs that aid in maintaining balance
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| cochlea | snail-shaped bony structure - houses the organ of Corti = "true organ of hearing"
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| semicircular canals | located in inner ear - located behind vestibule - three bony fluid filled loops that help maintain balance
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| bony structures of the inner ear | vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canal
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| ophthalmoscopy | examination of external and internal structures of eye using an ophthalmoscope
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| pathway of sound vibrations | pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, organ of corti, auditory nerve fibers, cerebral cortex
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| otitis media | inflammation of middle ear
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| otitis external | swimmer's ear - inflammation of outer ear
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| mastoiditis | inflammation of mastoid process
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| audiometry | process of measuring how well one hears at various frequencies
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| otoscope | instrument used to examine ear
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| Weber test | evaluates auditory acuity to determine if hearing deficit is conductive or sensorineural loss - using a tuning fork
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| papilledema | swelling of the optic disc
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| otaglia | earache
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| organ of corti | true organ of hearing
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