Mental Health Chapter 23
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| Mental health | Relative state of mind in which the person who is healthy is able to cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of everyday living in an acceptable way
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| Mental disorders | Disturbances of emotional stability, as manifested in maladaptive behavior and impaired functioning
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| Defense mechanisms | Body’s unconscious reaction to protect itself from conflicts or anxieties
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| Defense Mechanism - Compensation | Effort to overcome, or make up for, real or imagined inadequacies
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| Defense Mechanism - Denial | Refusal to admit or acknowledge the reality of something, thus avoiding emotional conflict or anxiety
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| Defense Mechanism - Displacement | Process of transferring a feeling or emotion from the original idea or object to a substitute idea or object
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| Defense Mechanism - Introjection | Individual unconsciously identifies with another person or with some object
Individual assumes the supposed feelings and/or characteristics of the other personality or object
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| Defense Mechanism - Projection | Act of transferring one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings on to someone else
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| Defense Mechanism - Rationalization | Attempting to make excuses or invent logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors; most commonly used defense mechanism
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| Defense Mechanism - Regression | Response to stress in which the individual reverts to an earlier level of development and comfort measures associated with that level of functioning
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| Defense Mechanism - Repression | Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s conscious mind
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| Defense Mechanism - Sublimation | Rechanneling or redirecting one’s unacceptable impulses and drives into constructive activities
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| Defense Mechanism - Suppression | Voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s mind
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| Mood Disorders | Group of psychiatric disorders characterized by disturbances in physical, emotional, and behavioral response patterns
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| Extreme elation and agitation to extreme depression with suicidal potential includes: | Bipolar disorders
Cyclothymic disorder
Major depressive disorder
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| Bipolar Disorders (Manic-Depressive) | Psychological disorder characterized by episodes of mania, depression, alternating between the two, or a mixture of the two moods simultaneously
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| Characteristics of mania (Bipolar Disorder) | Extreme excitement, hyperactivity
Agitation, overly talkative
Flight of ideas, fleeting attention
Sometimes violent, destructive, and self-destructive behavior
May have decreased need for sleep and seemingly limitless energy
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| Characteristics of depression (Bipolar Disorder) | Symptoms are inappropriate and out of proportion with reality
Exaggerated feelings of sadness
Discouragement
Hopelessness
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| Cyclothymic Disorder | Chronic mood disorder characterized by numerous periods of mood swings from depression to happiness
At least 2 years in duration
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| Major Depressive Disorder | A disorder chara. by 1 or more episodes of depressed mood that lasts at least 2 wks and has at least 5 add'l symptoms of dep.; Exaggerated feelings of sadness, discouragement, hopelessness, worthlessness, or guilt that are out of proportion w/reality
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| Anxiety Disorders | Individual feels increased tension, apprehension, a painfully increased sense of helplessness, a feeling of uncertainty, fear, jitteriness, and worry
Includes:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobic disorder
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| Anxiety Disorders | Individual feels increased tension, apprehension, a painfully increased sense of helplessness, a feeling of uncertainty, fear, jitteriness, and worry
Includes:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder
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| Observable signs of anxiety | Includes but not limited to:
Restlessness
Poor eye contact
Glancing about
Facial tension
Dilated pupils
Increased perspiration
Constant focus on self
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | Disorder characterized by chronic, unrealistic, and excessive anxiety and worry
Symptoms have usually existed for at least six months or more
Symptoms have no relation to any specific cause
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| Panic Disorder | Characterized by recurrent panic attacks that come on unexpectedly, followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having another panic attack
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| Panic DisorderCharacteristics | Intense apprehension, fear, or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom, Dyspnea, Dizziness, Sweating,
Trembling, Chest pain or palpitations of the heart
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| Phobic Disorder | Anxiety disorder characterized by an obsessive, irrational, and intense fear of a specific object, of an activity, or of a physical situation
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| Acrophobia | Fear of high places that results in extreme anxiety
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| Aerophobia | Morbid fear of fresh air or drafts
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| Agoraphobia | Fear of being in an open, crowded, or public place, such as a field, congested street, or busy department store, where escape may be difficult
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| Arachnophobia | Fear of spiders
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| Claustrophobia | Fear of closed spaces
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| Nyctophobia | Obsessive, irrational fear of darkness
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| Zoophobia | Persistent, irrational fear of animals, particularly dogs, snakes, insects, and mice
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| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are severe enough to be time consuming (they take more than one hour a day), or to cause obvious distress or a notable handicap
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| Obsessions | Repeated, persistent thoughts or impulses that are irrational and with which the mind is continually and involuntarily preoccupied
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| Compulsions | Irresistible, repetitive, irrational impulses to perform an act
Behavior patterns that are intended to reduce anxiety, not to provide pleasure or gratification
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Individual experiences characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extremely traumatic event
Individual reacts with horror, extreme fright, or helplessness to the event
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| Hypochondriasis | Chronic, abnormal concern about the hlth of the body
Extreme anxiety, depression
Unrealistic interpretation of real or imagined phys. symptoms as indications of a serious illness or disease despite rational medical evidence that no disorder is present
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| Fetishism | the pathological displacement of sexual gratification to an object or fetish
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| Transvestic fetishism | sexual disorder in which the focus of the fetish involves cross-dressing
Male usually keeps a collection of female clothing that he intermittently uses to cross-dress
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| Anorexia Nervosa | Disorder characterized by an emotional disturbance concerning body image, prolonged refusal to eat followed by extreme weight loss, amenorrhea, and a lingering, abnormal fear of becoming obese
Seen primarily in adolescent girls
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| Bulimia Nervosa | An uncontrollable craving for food, often resulting in eating binges, followed by vomiting to eliminate food from stomach
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| Cognitive disorders | Those that affect the individual’s ability to perceive, think, reason, and remember
Organic mental disorders
Includes:
Amnesia disorders
Delirium
Dementia
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| Amnesia Disorders | Characterized by short-term and long-term memory deficits
Have normal attention but are unable to learn new information
Unable to recall previously learned information
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| Delirium | Frenzied excitement that occurs rapidly and is characterized by difficulty maintaining and shifting attention
Individual is easily distracted and must be constantly reminded to focus attention
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| Dementia | Progressive, organic mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, stupor, deterioration of intellectual capacity and function, and impairment of control of memory, judgment, and impulses
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| Substance-Related Disorders | Associated with the use of drugs
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| Hallucinogens | Create perceptual distortions of the mind
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| Central nervous system depressants | Slow activity of the CNS, causing impaired motor activity, judgment, and concentration
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| Central nervous system stimulants | Increased activity of CNS, causing elevated blood pressure, heightened behavioral activity and alertness
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| Schizophrenia | gross distortion of reality, disturbances of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction, and disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction
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| Schizophrenia - Hallucinations | Person perceives something that does not exist in the external environment
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| Schizophrenia - Delusions | Person firmly holds to a persistent abnormal belief or perception despite evidence to the contrary
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| Schizophrenia - Disorganized speech | Person may move rapidly from one topic to another, making little sense
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| Schizophrenia - Disorganized or catatonic behavior | Person may alternate between agitation and non-purposeful or random body movements to little or no behavioral response to the environment
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| Schizophrenia - Flattened affect | Individual shows little or no emotional response to the environment
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| Paranoid Schizophrenia | Condition characterized by the individual being overly suspicious of others and having hallucinations and delusions
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| Somatoform disorders | Any group of neurotic disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting physical illness or disease
No demonstrable organic causes of physiologic dysfunctions
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| Sleep disorders | May be related to stress, anxiety, or physiological problems
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| Factitious disorders | Characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are intentionally produced or feigned to assume the sick role
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| Malingering | Willful and deliberate faking of symptoms of a disease or injury to gain some consciously-desired end
Of the conscious mind
Results in secondary gain
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| Conversion Disorder | Disorder in which the individual represses anxiety experienced by emotional conflicts by converting the anxious feelings into physical symptoms that have no organic basis, but are perceived to be real by the individual
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| Munchausen Syndrome (by Proxy) | Somewhat rare form of child abuse in which a parent of a child falsifies an illness in a child by fabricating or creating the symptoms, and then seeks frequent medical attention for the child
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| Narcolepsy | Sleep disorder that is characterized by repeated, uncontrollable desire to sleep, often several times a day
Attacks must occur daily over a period of at least three months to establish the diagnosis
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| Pain Disorder | Psychological disorder in which the patient experiences pain in the absence of physiologic findings
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| Dissociative Identity Disorders | Emotional conflicts that are so repressed into the subconscious mind that a separation or split in personality occurs
Results in an altered state of consciousness or a confusion in identity
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| Dissociative Identity Disorders | Emotional conflicts that are so repressed into the subconscious mind that a separation or split in personality occurs
Includes:
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative identity disorder
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| Sexual dysfunctions | Disturbance in sexual desire and sexual response
Cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty
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| Gender identity disorders | Strong and persistent cross-gender identification accompanied by persistent discomfort with one’s assigned sex
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| Sexual Sadism/Sexual Masochism | Sexual disorder that involves the act (real, not simulated) of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, or the act of inflicting psychological or physical suffering on the victim
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| Personality Disorders | Rigid, inflexible, and maladaptive patterns of behavior that impair a person’s ability to function well in society due to a limited ability to adapt
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| Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | Persistent inattention and hyperactivity, impulsivity, or both
Formerly known as attention-deficit disorder (ADD)
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| Behavior therapy | Psychotherapy that seeks to modify observable, maladjusted patterns of behavior by substituting new responses to given stimuli
Behavior modification
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| Drug therapy | Psychotropic drugs to treat mental disorders
Drugs prescribed for their effects in relieving symptoms of anxiety, depression, or other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia
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| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | Process of passing an electrical current through the brain to create a brief seizure, much like a spontaneous seizure from some forms of epilepsy
Shock therapy
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| Family therapy | Psychotherapy that focuses treatment on the process between family members that supports and sustains symptoms
Group therapy with family members composing the group
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| Group therapy | Application of psychotherapeutic techniques within a small group of people who experience similar difficulties
Also known as encounter groups
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| Hypnosis | Passive, trancelike state of existence that resembles normal sleep during which perception and memory are altered, resulting in increased responsiveness to suggestion
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| Play therapy | Psychotherapy in which a child plays in a protected and structured environment with games and toys provided by a therapist who observes the behavior, effect, and conversation of the child to gain insight into thoughts, feelings, and fantasies
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| Psychoanalysis | Psychotherapy that analyzes the individual’s unconscious thought, using free association, questioning, probing, and analyzing; "free association" - say aloud anything that comes to mind no matter how minor or embarrassing
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| Psychoeducation | Involves teaching people about their illness, how to treat it, and how to recognize signs of relapse so they can seek treatment before condition worsens or returns
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| Draw-A-Person (DAP) | Personality test that is based on the interpretation of drawings of human figures of both sexes
Individual is asked to draw human figures and talk about them
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | Self-report personality inventory test that consists of 550 statements that can be answered “true,” “false,” or “cannot say”
Statements vary widely in content and are sometimes repeated in various ways throughout the test
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| Rorschach inkblot | Personality test that involves the use of 10 inkblot cards, half black and white, and half in color
Cards are shown to the individual, one at a time
Person is asked to describe what he or she sees in the card
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | To elicit stories that reveal something about an ind’s personality
Series of 30 black-and-white pictures, ea on an indiv. card
When cards are shown, indiv. is asked to tell a story about ea picture, providing all background info and details
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| Intelligence testing | Designed to measure an individual’s ability to adapt and constructively solve problems in the environment
First successful test of intelligence developed by Alfred Binet, a French psychologist
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| Mental age (MA) | Age level at which one functions intellectually
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| Chronological age (CA) | Age of the individual, expressed as time beyond birth
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| Intelligence quotient (IQ) | Numeric expression of an individual’s intellectual level
MA divided by CA multiplied by 100 = IQ
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| Intelligence tests used to measure IQ | Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale –III
WISC-III: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III
WPPSI-III: Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-R Third Edition
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