Urinary System Vocab Chapter 15
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| Urinary System | maintains homeostasis; removes and restores solutes and fluids; maintains blood volume and concentration
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| Organs of the Urinary System | 2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 Bladder, 1 Urethra
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| Excretion | nitrogenous, drugs and toxins; the removal of organic waste from the body fluids
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| Kidneys | paired organs that are reddish in color; about size of a fist; located just above waist, placed against posterior body wall; approx. between T12 and L3
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| Hilum | passage area for ureters, vessels, nerves
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| Renal Capsule | innermost, barrier
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| Adipose Capsule | middle, protection
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| Renal Fascia | outer, anchors kidney
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| Adrenal Gland | located on top of kidney, responsible for releasing adrenaline into blood system, cause fight or flight response
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| Medulla | inner area of kidney; striated appearance, 8 to 12 renal pyramids
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| Cortex | outer area of kidney; smooth texture; extends from renal capsule to base of renal pyramids and in-between pyramids
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| Nephrons | functional units of the kidney; microscopic renal tubule
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| Minor Calyx | a cup shaped cavity at the base of the real papilla, which drains urine from the renal papillae into the major calyxes
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| Major Calyces | the cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyces which drain urine from the minor calyces into the renal pelvis
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| Bowman's Glomerular Capsule | cup-shaped end of a renal tubule containing a glomerulus
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| Endothelial-Capsular Membrane | nephron filter
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| Renal Tubule | Reabsorption and Secretion
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| Collecting Ducts | empty urine into renal pelvis
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| Nephrons Functions | Control blood concentration and volume; Regulate blood pH; Remove toxins from blood; Stimulate red blood cell production
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| Urine | 95% water, urea, uric acid, electrolytes; 99% is reabsorbed back into the body; 1-2 liters produced every day
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| Urine Movement | Peristalsis, gravity, hydrostatic pressure
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| Urinary bladder held in position by.... | Peritoneum
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| Trigone | region between openings of ureters and urethra
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| Detrusor Muscle | 3 layered smooth muscle
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| Internal Urinary Sphincter | involuntary control
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| Micturition | expulsion of urine from bladder
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| External urinary sphincter | voluntary control
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| Micturition Reflex | During urination: Detrusor muscle contracts; Muscles of pelvic floor and abdominal wall contract; External urinary sphincter relaxes and urine moves from bladder to the outside
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| Urea | Waste product of protein digestion
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| Uric acid | Waste product of nucleic acid digestion
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| Creatinine | Waste product of creatine phosphate digestion in muscles and dietary protein digestion
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| Ureter | One of the pair of tubes that drains urine into the urinary bladder
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| Urinary Bladder | Stores urine
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| Urethra | Tube that exits the body from bladder
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| Epispadias | a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some point near the glans
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| Pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis
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| Renal Pelvis | central collecting part of the kidney that narrows into the large upper end of the ureter; receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters
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| Turbid | cloudy
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| Ureterectasis | stretching or dilation of a ureter
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| Ureterorrhagia | excessive flow or discharge of blood from the ureter
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| Urethropexy | surgical fixation of the urethra
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| Urethrostenosis | narrowing of the urethra
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| Uremia | presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; also called azotemia
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| Glomerulus | a ball-shaped collection of very tiny coiled and intertwined capillaries, located in the cortex of the kidney
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| Cystometer | an instrument that measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure
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| Cystopexy | surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
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| Anuria | cessation (stopping) of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100mL per day
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| Bacteriuria | bacteria in the urine
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| Dysuria | painful urination
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| Enuresis | condition of urinary incontinence; especially at night in bed; bed wetting
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| Glycosuria | abnormal presence of sugar, especially glucose, in the urine
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| Hematuria | abnormal presence of blood in the urine
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| Ketonuria | presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine
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| Nocturia | urination at night; also called nycturia
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| Oliguria | secretion of diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake; scanty urine output
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| Polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| Polyuria | excretion of abnormally large amounts of urine
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| Pyuria | excessive number of WBC in the urine; sign of UTI; pus in the urine
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| Pyelonephritis | kidney infection
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| Cystitis | bladder infection
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| Urinary Infection (UTI) | most common cause of infection is Escherichia coli; UTIs due to Staphylococcus aureus typically occur secondary to blood-borne infections
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| UTI Symptoms and Treatment | burning with urination and having to urinate frequently; antibiotics
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| Kidney Infection Symptoms | fever and flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI
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| UTI Diagnosis | Urinary analysis: looking for the presence of urinary nitrites, white blood cells (leukocytes), or leukocyte esterase; Urine culture
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| Urethritis | a Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrheae infection may be the cause in men
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| Interstitial Cystitis | chronic pain in the bladder
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| Prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate
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| Kidney Failure | known as renal failure or renal insufficiency; condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood
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| Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is an abrupt loss of kidney function that develops within 7 days
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| Prerenal | decrease effective blood flow to the kidney and cause a decrease in the glomerular filtration rat (GFR)
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| Intrinsic | directly damage the kidney itself
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| Postrenal | disease states downstream of the kidney and most often occurs as a consequence of urinary tract obstruction
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| AKI Symptoms | fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, nausea and vomiting, increased potassium level, fluid balance is frequently affected, though blood pressure can be high, low or normal
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| RIFLE Criteria for AKI | Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Kidney Disease
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| Risk: AKI | 1.5-fold increase in the serum creatinine, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease by 25 percent, or urine output <0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours
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| Injury: AKI | Two-fold increase in the serum creatinine, or GFR decrease by 50 percent, or urine output <0.5 mL/kg per hour for 12 hours
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| Failure: AKI | Three-fold increase in the serum creatinine, or GFR decrease by 75 percent, or urine output of <0.3 mL/kg per hour for 24 hours, or no urine output (anuria) for 12 hours
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| Loss: AKI | Complete loss of kidney function (e.g., need for renal replacement therapy) for more than four weeks
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| End-Stage Kidney Disease: AKI | Complete loss of kidney function (e.g., need for renal replacement therapy) for more than three months
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| AKI Treatment | identification and treatment of the underlying cause; avoidance of nephrotoxins; monitoring kidney function; specific therapy; intravenous fluids
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| Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure; chronic renal failure (CRF); has 5 stages
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| CKD Diagnosis | Renal Ultrasonography; Retrograde Pyelography; CT, MRI, Renal Radionuclide Scanning
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| Hydronephrosis | "water inside the kidney"; refers to distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces
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| Nephrotic Syndrome | a syndrome comprising signs of nephrosis, chiefly proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema
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| Peritoneal Dialysis | Mechanical filtering process; Used to cleanse blood of waste products, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail to function properly; Peritoneal membrane is used as filter
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| Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) | Uses a machine that warms the solution and cycles it in and out of the peritoneal cavity at evenly spaced intervals at night while the patient sleeps; Process takes 8 to10 hours; Last exchange remains in abdomen during the day for approx 12 to 15 hours
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| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) | Requires transfer set, connected to bag of dialysate solution;
Dialysate solution remains in abdomen for approximately four hours after exchange; Process is repeated 3 to 5 times daily
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| Hemodialysis | Removing excess fluids/toxins from blood by shunting pt’s blood from body into a dialysis machine for filtering and returning clean blood to bloodstream; Usually 3 treatments a wk, 3 to 4 hrs at a time; May be performed at dialysis center or at home
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| Arteriovenous Fistula (A-V Fistula) | Access vessel created for use with hemodialysis
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