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Urinary System
Urinary System Vocab Chapter 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Urinary System | maintains homeostasis; removes and restores solutes and fluids; maintains blood volume and concentration |
| Organs of the Urinary System | 2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 Bladder, 1 Urethra |
| Excretion | nitrogenous, drugs and toxins; the removal of organic waste from the body fluids |
| Kidneys | paired organs that are reddish in color; about size of a fist; located just above waist, placed against posterior body wall; approx. between T12 and L3 |
| Hilum | passage area for ureters, vessels, nerves |
| Renal Capsule | innermost, barrier |
| Adipose Capsule | middle, protection |
| Renal Fascia | outer, anchors kidney |
| Adrenal Gland | located on top of kidney, responsible for releasing adrenaline into blood system, cause fight or flight response |
| Medulla | inner area of kidney; striated appearance, 8 to 12 renal pyramids |
| Cortex | outer area of kidney; smooth texture; extends from renal capsule to base of renal pyramids and in-between pyramids |
| Nephrons | functional units of the kidney; microscopic renal tubule |
| Minor Calyx | a cup shaped cavity at the base of the real papilla, which drains urine from the renal papillae into the major calyxes |
| Major Calyces | the cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyces which drain urine from the minor calyces into the renal pelvis |
| Bowman's Glomerular Capsule | cup-shaped end of a renal tubule containing a glomerulus |
| Endothelial-Capsular Membrane | nephron filter |
| Renal Tubule | Reabsorption and Secretion |
| Collecting Ducts | empty urine into renal pelvis |
| Nephrons Functions | Control blood concentration and volume; Regulate blood pH; Remove toxins from blood; Stimulate red blood cell production |
| Urine | 95% water, urea, uric acid, electrolytes; 99% is reabsorbed back into the body; 1-2 liters produced every day |
| Urine Movement | Peristalsis, gravity, hydrostatic pressure |
| Urinary bladder held in position by.... | Peritoneum |
| Trigone | region between openings of ureters and urethra |
| Detrusor Muscle | 3 layered smooth muscle |
| Internal Urinary Sphincter | involuntary control |
| Micturition | expulsion of urine from bladder |
| External urinary sphincter | voluntary control |
| Micturition Reflex | During urination: Detrusor muscle contracts; Muscles of pelvic floor and abdominal wall contract; External urinary sphincter relaxes and urine moves from bladder to the outside |
| Urea | Waste product of protein digestion |
| Uric acid | Waste product of nucleic acid digestion |
| Creatinine | Waste product of creatine phosphate digestion in muscles and dietary protein digestion |
| Ureter | One of the pair of tubes that drains urine into the urinary bladder |
| Urinary Bladder | Stores urine |
| Urethra | Tube that exits the body from bladder |
| Epispadias | a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some point near the glans |
| Pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| Renal Pelvis | central collecting part of the kidney that narrows into the large upper end of the ureter; receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters |
| Turbid | cloudy |
| Ureterectasis | stretching or dilation of a ureter |
| Ureterorrhagia | excessive flow or discharge of blood from the ureter |
| Urethropexy | surgical fixation of the urethra |
| Urethrostenosis | narrowing of the urethra |
| Uremia | presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; also called azotemia |
| Glomerulus | a ball-shaped collection of very tiny coiled and intertwined capillaries, located in the cortex of the kidney |
| Cystometer | an instrument that measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure |
| Cystopexy | surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall |
| Anuria | cessation (stopping) of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100mL per day |
| Bacteriuria | bacteria in the urine |
| Dysuria | painful urination |
| Enuresis | condition of urinary incontinence; especially at night in bed; bed wetting |
| Glycosuria | abnormal presence of sugar, especially glucose, in the urine |
| Hematuria | abnormal presence of blood in the urine |
| Ketonuria | presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine |
| Nocturia | urination at night; also called nycturia |
| Oliguria | secretion of diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake; scanty urine output |
| Polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| Polyuria | excretion of abnormally large amounts of urine |
| Pyuria | excessive number of WBC in the urine; sign of UTI; pus in the urine |
| Pyelonephritis | kidney infection |
| Cystitis | bladder infection |
| Urinary Infection (UTI) | most common cause of infection is Escherichia coli; UTIs due to Staphylococcus aureus typically occur secondary to blood-borne infections |
| UTI Symptoms and Treatment | burning with urination and having to urinate frequently; antibiotics |
| Kidney Infection Symptoms | fever and flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI |
| UTI Diagnosis | Urinary analysis: looking for the presence of urinary nitrites, white blood cells (leukocytes), or leukocyte esterase; Urine culture |
| Urethritis | a Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrheae infection may be the cause in men |
| Interstitial Cystitis | chronic pain in the bladder |
| Prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate |
| Kidney Failure | known as renal failure or renal insufficiency; condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood |
| Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is an abrupt loss of kidney function that develops within 7 days |
| Prerenal | decrease effective blood flow to the kidney and cause a decrease in the glomerular filtration rat (GFR) |
| Intrinsic | directly damage the kidney itself |
| Postrenal | disease states downstream of the kidney and most often occurs as a consequence of urinary tract obstruction |
| AKI Symptoms | fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, nausea and vomiting, increased potassium level, fluid balance is frequently affected, though blood pressure can be high, low or normal |
| RIFLE Criteria for AKI | Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Kidney Disease |
| Risk: AKI | 1.5-fold increase in the serum creatinine, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease by 25 percent, or urine output <0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours |
| Injury: AKI | Two-fold increase in the serum creatinine, or GFR decrease by 50 percent, or urine output <0.5 mL/kg per hour for 12 hours |
| Failure: AKI | Three-fold increase in the serum creatinine, or GFR decrease by 75 percent, or urine output of <0.3 mL/kg per hour for 24 hours, or no urine output (anuria) for 12 hours |
| Loss: AKI | Complete loss of kidney function (e.g., need for renal replacement therapy) for more than four weeks |
| End-Stage Kidney Disease: AKI | Complete loss of kidney function (e.g., need for renal replacement therapy) for more than three months |
| AKI Treatment | identification and treatment of the underlying cause; avoidance of nephrotoxins; monitoring kidney function; specific therapy; intravenous fluids |
| Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure; chronic renal failure (CRF); has 5 stages |
| CKD Diagnosis | Renal Ultrasonography; Retrograde Pyelography; CT, MRI, Renal Radionuclide Scanning |
| Hydronephrosis | "water inside the kidney"; refers to distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces |
| Nephrotic Syndrome | a syndrome comprising signs of nephrosis, chiefly proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | Mechanical filtering process; Used to cleanse blood of waste products, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail to function properly; Peritoneal membrane is used as filter |
| Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) | Uses a machine that warms the solution and cycles it in and out of the peritoneal cavity at evenly spaced intervals at night while the patient sleeps; Process takes 8 to10 hours; Last exchange remains in abdomen during the day for approx 12 to 15 hours |
| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) | Requires transfer set, connected to bag of dialysate solution; Dialysate solution remains in abdomen for approximately four hours after exchange; Process is repeated 3 to 5 times daily |
| Hemodialysis | Removing excess fluids/toxins from blood by shunting pt’s blood from body into a dialysis machine for filtering and returning clean blood to bloodstream; Usually 3 treatments a wk, 3 to 4 hrs at a time; May be performed at dialysis center or at home |
| Arteriovenous Fistula (A-V Fistula) | Access vessel created for use with hemodialysis |
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