Sense Vocab Chapter 14
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| Olfactory Nerve Receptors | located at the roof of the nasal cavity, have long cilia and are coated with mucus, send impulses to the temporal lobe of the brain
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| Olfaction | also known as olfactics, is the sense of smell.
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| Gustation | sense of taste
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| Tongue | covered in projections called papillae
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| Taste Buds | found on the sides of papillae
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| Four Types of Taste Buds | Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet
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| Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle | opens the eye by raising the superior eyelid
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| Orbicularis Oculi | facial muscle; closes the eye
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| Tears | lubricate eyes; contain bacteriolytic lysozyme enzyme; contain salt and gamma globulin
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| Conjunctiva | thin muscous membrane that lines the interior surface of the eyelid and the sclera
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| Sclera | outermost layer of the eyeball, "white of the eye"
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| Medial Cantus | superior and inferior eyelids meet here; just lateral to the nose
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| Lateral Canthus | corner of each eye
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| Nerves that control eye muscles | Abducens, Occulomotor, Trochlear
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| Lateral and Medial Rectus | move the eye side-to-side
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| Superior and Inferior Rectus | raise and lower the eye vertically
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| Inferior and Superior Oblique | raise and lower the eye diagonally
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| Lacrimal Glands | produce tears to moisten eyes and clear foreign material
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| Lacrimal Canals | where tears are drained and empty into the nasal cavity
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| Cornea | transparent, allows light to pass through, protects the front of the eye, can easily repair itself; focuses light onto the retina; covers iris and pupil
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| Choroid | thin, dark layer of tissue that prevents light from scattering inside the eye, "red eye" in photos
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| Ciliary Body | smooth muscle attached to lens
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| Iris | a pigmented layer that can expand and contract to control the amount of light that enters the eye
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| Pupil | transparent center of the iris
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| Retina | back of eyeball; contains all the receptor neurons; receives visual info from cornea and lens, then sends it to optic nerve
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| Rods | neurons that detect light
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| Cones | neuron that detect color
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| Aqueous Humour | between cornea and lens; fluid provides nutrients to the cells of the cornea and ensures the cornea is fully inflated
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| Vitreous Humour | thicker gel found between lens and retina; the mass keeps the main body of the eye inflated and holds the retinal tissue in place
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| Pathway of Vision | cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens and the vitreous humour to the retina
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| Fovea Centralis | a small depression near the center of the retina, constituting the area of most acute vision
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| Colorblindness | X-chromosome recessive trait that causes a lack of one or more type of cones; most common is red-green deficiency
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| Ishihara Test | test to check for colorblindness
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| Equilibrium | balance
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| Auricle | external, visible, flexible part of outer ear
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| External Auditory Meatus | part of outer ear, lined with hair and ceruminous glands
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| Tympanic Membrane | vibrates in response to sound; "ear drum"; ends at the auditory canal
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| Pinna | external structure of ear; collects sound waves, like a funnel
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| Auditory Canal | is a narrow passageway through the temporal bone of the skull; lined with ceruminous glands that produce ear wax
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| Auditory Ossicles | are three bones of middle ear (malleus, incus and stapes); transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea).
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| Eustachian Tube | connects the middle ear chamber to the throat; equalizes pressure when yawning or chewing; "Popping" sensation in the ear
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| Cochlea | the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations
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| Malleous | a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus
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| Stapes | a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear; also called stirrup
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| Organ of Corti | receptor organ for hearing; body's microphone; consisting of neuroepithelial hair cells
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| Tinnitis | "ringing of the ears"; caused when the cilia are constantly stimulated
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| Endolymph | the fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the ear
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| Lens | structure inside your eye that changes shape as you focus on objects; along with the cornea it focuses light onto the retina
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| Optic Nerve | receives visual info from the retina and cornea, then carries that info to brain
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| Nearsightedness (Myopia) | common condition; faraway objects appear blurry; eye focuses light in front of retina instead onto it; eyeball is a little too long and cornea is too rounded
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| Farsightedness (Hyperopia) | close-up vision is blurry; flat cornea, eyeball is shorter than normal; light is focused behind retina instead of on it
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| Presbyopia | condition associated with aging of the eye; results in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects; hardening of the lens; eyestrain
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| Astigmatism | a genetic defect; blurred vision due to the inability of eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina
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| Corneal Astigmatism | cornea is misshapen
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| Lenticular Astigmatism | lens is misshapen
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| Astigmatism Symptoms | blurred vision at all distances, impaired night vision, eyestrain, squinting, eye irritation, headaches
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| Astigmatism Treatment | glasses or contacts; Orthokeratoloy; laser surgery
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| Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | causes inflammation and redness of the membranes inside the eyes; viruses, bacterial infections, allergies, or chemical agents are causes
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| Blepharitis (Eyelid Inflammation) | eyelids become red, irritated and itchy and dandruff-like scales form on the eyelashes; caused by either bacteria or a skin condition, such as dandruff of the scalp or acne rosacea.
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| Keratitis | the cornea becomes inflamed; moderate to intense pain; causes: viral, bacterial, fungal, amoebic, parasitic
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| Scleritis | a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, (sclera); often contracted through association with other diseases of the body, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis or rheumatoid arthritis
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| Uveitis | inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea; requires urgent treatment
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| Uvea | consists of the middle layer of pigmented vascular structures of the eye and includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid
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| Cornea Abrasion | a minor scratch on cornea; most heal quickly; if infected can also become a corneal ulcer
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| Glaucoma | a group of eye diseases; result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss; most common is open-angle glaucoma; less common is closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma; Tonometry to diagnose
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| Intraocular Pressure (IOP) | is the fluid pressure inside the eye
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| Tonometry | the procedure performed to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the fluid pressure inside the eye; test for risk from glaucoma.
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| Cataract | a clouding of the lens in the eye leading to a decrease in vision; risks: DM, HTN, FH, Obesity, Smoking, etc
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| Subcapsular Cataract | occurs at the back of the lens; people with diabetes or those taking high doses of steroids are at greater risk
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| Nuclear Cataract | forms deep in the central zone (nucleus) of the lens; nuclear cataracts usually are associated with aging
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| Cortical Cataract | chara. by white, wedge-like opacities that start in the periphery of the lens and work their way to the center in a spoke-like fashion; occurs in the lens cortex
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| Diabetic Retinopathy | ocular manifestation of diabetes; result of damage to the small blood vessels and neurons of the retina; can eventually lead to blindness
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| Hypertensive Retinopathy | damage to the retina and retinal circulation due to HTN; most patients have no symptoms; some may report blurred vision or headaches
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| Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | leading cause of vision loss, blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field; caused by deterioration of the central portion of the retina; incurable; risks: Genetics, Race, Smoking
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| Conductive Hearing Loss | when hearing loss is due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes)
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| Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) | when hearing loss is due to problems of the inner ear, also known as nerve-related hearing loss
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| Mixed Hearing Loss | refers to a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. This means that there may be damage in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve
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| Conductive Hearing Loss Causes | fluid in middle ear fro colds, ear infection, allergies, impacted earwax, Otosclerosis, benign tumors, perforated eardrum
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| Sensorineural Hearing Loss Causes | head trauma, virus or disease, aging, Meniere's Disease, FH, Otosclerosis, exposure to loud noise, malformation of inner ear
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| Irreversible Sensorineural Hearing Loss | the most common form of hearing loss, may be managed with hearing aids; can be surgically treated with cochlear implants
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| Otitis Externa (OE) | "Swimmer's Ear", inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal; pain
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| Otitis Media (OM) | group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear; most common cause is dysfunction of the Eustachian Tube
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| Acute Otitis Media (AOM) | is a painful type of ear infection; occurs when the area behind the eardrum called the middle ear becomes inflamed and infected
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| Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) | when the middle part of your ear fills with fluid
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| Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) | middle ear inflammation of greater than two weeks that results in episodes of discharge from the ear
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| Mastoiditis | it is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the mastoid antrum and mastoid air cell system inside the mastoid process.
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| Mastoid Process | the portion of the temporal bone of the skull that is behind the ear
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| Labyrinthitis | also known as vestibular neuritis; inflammation of the inner ear; causes severe vertigo
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| Prochlorperazine | commonly prescribed medication to help alleviate the symptoms of vertigo and nausea
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| Meniere's Disease | disorder of the inner ear that is chara. by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a fullness in the ear; last from 20 mins to few hours; no cure , just symptom management
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| Corneal Transplant | surgical transplantation of a donor cornea (cadaver's) into the eye of a recipient, often under general anesthesia
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| Electronystagmography | a group of tests used in evaluating the vestibule-ocular reflex
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| Electroretinogram (ERG) | a recording of the changes in the electrical potential of the retina after the stimulation of light; useful in evaluating for retinal disease
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| Extracapsular Cataract Extraction | surgical removal of the anterior segment of the lens capsule along with the lens, allowing for insertion of an intraocular lens implant
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| Fluorescein Staining | used to visualize corneal abrasion
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| Gonioscopy | process of viewing the anterior chamber angle of the eye for evaluation, management and classification of normal and abnormal angle structures
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| Iridectomy | extraction of a small segment of the iris; used in treatment of closed-angle glaucoma
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| Keratoplasty | transplantation of corneal tissue from one human eye to another to improve vision in the affected eye; also called corneal grafting
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| Laser in the Situ Keartomileusis (LASIK) | form of laser vision correction for nearsightedness (myopia)
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| Opthalmoscopy | examination of the external and internal structures the eye with an opthalmoscope
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| Pachymetry | measurement of the thickness of the cornea
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| Phacoemulsification | method of removing a lens by using ultrasound vibrations to split up the lens material into tiny particles that can be suctioned out of the eye
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| Photo-Refractive Keratectomy | surgical procedure; few layers of corneal surface cells are shaved off by an excimer laser beam to flatten the cornea and reduce myopia
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| Retinal Photocoagulation | surgical procedure; uses an argon laser to treat glaucoma, retinal detachment and diabetic retinopathy
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| Slit-Lamp Exam | also known as Biomicroscopy; used to examine the eyelids, sclera, conjunctiva, iris, lens, cornea, fluids, membranes and retina
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| Trabeculectomy | surgical excision of the portion of corneoscleral tissue to decrease the intraocular pressure in persons with glaucoma
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| Trabeculoplasty | surgical creation of a permanent fistula used to drain fluid from the eye's anterior chamber
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| Vitrectomy | surgical removal of the vitreous gel from the middle of the eye to repair retinal detachment
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| OD | right eye (ocular dexter)
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| OS | left eye (ocular sinister)
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| Audiometry | process of measuring how well an individual hears various frequencies of sound waves
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| Nasal Endoscopy | viewing the inside of the nose and sinuses with an endoscope
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| Otoscopy | use of an otoscope to view and examine the tympanic membrane and various parts of the outer ear
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| Otoplasty | Removal of a portion of ear cartilage to bring the pinna and auricle near the head; used in plastic surgery
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| Stapedectomy | microsurgical removal of the stapes diseased by otosclerosis
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| Myringotomy with Tubes | surgical procedure with insertion of a small ventilation tube introduced into the inferior segment of the tympanic membrane
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| Myringoplasty | surgical repair of the tympanic membrane with a tissue graft after a spontaneous rupture that results in hearing loss; also called a tympanoplasty
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| Tympanoplasty | surgical repair of the bones of the middle ear
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| EENT | EARS, EYES, NOSE and THROAT
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| SOM | serous otitis media
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| AOM | acute otitis media
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| AD | right ear (auris dextra)
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| AS | left ear (auris sinstra)
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