Endocrine System Vocab Chapter 13
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| Endocrine System | is made up of a network of glands. These glands secrete hormones to regulate many bodily functions, including growth and metabolism
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| Endocrine diseases are... | common and usually occur when glands produce an incorrect amount of hormones
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| Homeostasis | Maintains internal environment
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| Hypothalamus | sends chemical signals to pituitary
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| Endocrine glands | Ductless; Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
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| Functions of Hormones | Control cellular respiration, growth, and reproduction, body fluids,electrolyte balance, secretion of other hormones, behavior patterns, regulate reproductive cycles, growth, development, chemical control
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| Endocrine Hormones | "Ductless" glands secreted into the bloodstream; 2 types: peptides (small proteins) and steroids (lipids)
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| Messenger Molecules | Cell-to-cell communication is carried out via these
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| Classification of Hormones | Modified amino acids /Amino acid derivatives (Epinephrine); Proteins (Insulin, growth hormones); Steroid (Cortisol, estrogen)
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| Peptide Hormones | do not enter the cell directly; bind to receptor proteins in the cell membrane; water soluble so they produce fast responses
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| Steroid Hormones | enter through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside of the target cell; may directly stimulate transcription of genes to make certain proteins; slower response than peptide hormones
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| Hypothalamus of the Brain | receives sensory info from thalamus; monitors the body for temperature, pH, other conditions; signals pituitary gland if conditions need to be corrected
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| Pituitary Gland | about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans; it is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica)
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| Role of Pituitary Gland | "master gland" that signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed
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| Anterior Pituitary Lobe | receives signals from the hypothalamus, and responds by sending out the appropriate hormone to other endocrine glands
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| Posterior Pituitary Lobe | receives oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus, relays them to the body as necessary
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| Growth Hormone (GH) | cell metabolism and growth
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| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | stimulates thyroid
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| Adrenocorticotrpic Hormone (ACTH) | stimulates adrenal cortex
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| Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) | stimulates melanocytes
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| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Females - Stimulates ovarian follicle development; Males -
Stimulates sperm cell production
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| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Females - Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production; Males - Testosterone production
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| Lactogenic Hormone (prolactin) | stimulates milk production in females; may cause decrease in male sex hormones
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | Increased water reabsorption in kidney tubules; Deficiency results in diabetes insipidus; Regulated through osmoreceptors;
Dehydration causes water conservation
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| Oxytocin | Contraction of uterine smooth muscles; Constriction of mammary gland cells (lactation); Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of hemorrhage
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| Thyroid Gland | Located below larynx on either side of trachea
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| Thyroxine (T4) | metabolism
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| Triiodothyronine (T3) | metabolism
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| Calcitonin | regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration
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| Hypothyroidism | "underactive thyroid"; Cretinism, Lowered Metabolic Rate, Myxedema; primary-inadequate function of the gland itself; iodine deficiency is most common
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| Hyperthyroidism | Elevated Metabolism, Graves' Disease, Exophthalmia
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| Parathyroid Glands | Located within the posterior thyroid gland
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| Parathormone (PTH) | stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate
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| Hyperparathyroidism | Breakdown of bone matrix
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| Adrenal Glands | Located on top of each kidney; controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes, including digestion, the immune system, mood and emotions, sexuality, and energy storage
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| Adrenal Medulla | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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| Adrenal Cortex | Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens
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| Addison's Disease | lack of adrenal cortex hormones
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| Beta Cells | insulin production
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| Alpha Cells | glucagon production
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| Low Blood Glucose | Acidosis
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| High Blood Glucose | excess kidney production, dehydration
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| Diabetes Mellitus | insufficient insulin production
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| Testosterone | Development of male reproduction structures and
sex characteristics
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| Estrogen and Progesterone | Development of female reproductive organs and
sex characteristics; Control menstrual cycle
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| Thymus Gland | Located behind the sternum; Secretes thymosin; Important for T cell production; Thymus shrinks as we age
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| Pineal Gland | Located in the brain near the thalamus
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| Melatonin | Inhibits reproductive functions; Regulates body rhythms
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| Serotonin | neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor; Stimulates smooth muscle contractions
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| Primary Hypothyroidism | inadequate function of the gland itself; iodine deficiency is most common cause
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| Central Hypothyroidism | not enough stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone
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| Hyperthyroidism | Graves' Disease; toxic thyroid adenoma; toxic multinodular goiter; fast heart beat; unintended weight loss, nervous system tremor
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| Graves' Disease | ophthalmopathy may cause the eyes to look enlarged because the eye muscles swell and push the eye forward
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| Graves' Disease Diagnosis | is confirmed by blood tests that show a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and elevated T4 and T3 levels
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| Graves' Disease Treatment | Antithyroid drugs; Beta-blocker; Surgery; diet
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| Congenital Hypothyroidism | Cretinism; Poor length growth is apparent as early as the first year of life; One of the cause from Dwarfism
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| Goiter | simple, nontoxic; hyperplasia of thyroid gland; PE plus blood test
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| Thyrotoxicosis | An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death
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| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | results from a hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands, there is oversecretion of PTH
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| Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | is due to physiological secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia .
The most common causes are vitamin D deficiency and chronic kidney failure
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| Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism | is seen in patients with long-term secondary; leads to hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands and a loss of response to serum calcium levels; most often seen in patients with chronic renal failure
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| Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms | most common is kidney stones with other potential symptoms including weakness, depression, bone pains, confusion, and increased urination; increase the risk of weak bones
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| Hyperparathyroidism Treatment | Primary: surgery (with symptoms) and Secondary: underlying cause
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| Hypoparathyroidism | is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone; Low level of blood Calcium
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| Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms | Cramping, twitching of muscles, tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), seizures, heart beat irregularities, spasm of the bronchi
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| Severe Hypocalcaemia | a potentially life-threatening condition, is treated as soon as possible with intravenous calcium
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| Addison’s Disease | primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism; adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones
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| Addison’s Disease Symptoms | low glucose, low sodium, weight loss, dehydration, increase pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes
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| Addison’s Disease Treatment | hormone replacement therapy to correct the levels of steroid hormones
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| Conn's Disease | primary hyperaldosteronism; is excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels
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| Conn's Disease Causes | Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (66%); Adrenal adenoma (Conn's syndrome) (33%); Primary (unilateral) adrenal hyperplasia—(2%)
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| Conn's Disease Diagnosis | screening and renin and aldosterone are measured
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| Conn's Disease Treatment | For people with hyperplasia of both glands spironolactone or eplerenone; adrenalectomy
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| Cushing's Syndrome | is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol; involve progressive obesity and skin changes;
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| Cushing's Syndrome Symptoms | high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly
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| Cushing's Syndrome Causes | medications called glucocorticoids, also commonly known as steroids or prednisone used in high doses over an extended period of time
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| Cushing's Syndrome Complications | osteoporosis, HTN, Type 2 Diabetes, frequent or unusual infections, loss of muscle mass and strength
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| Cushing's Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment | Diagnosis: Urine and blood test, saliva and imaging tests, Treatment: reducing corticosteroid use and surgery
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| Pheochromocytoma | is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands; secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent
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| Pheochromocytoma Symptoms and Treatment | Elevated heart rate and blood pressure, resistant arterial hypertension; Treatment: surgical removal adrenal glands
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| Type 1 Diabetes | results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown
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| Type 2 Diabetes | begins with insulin resistance, as the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop; the primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise
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| Gestational Diabetes | is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood-sugar levels
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| Symptoms of Untreated Diabetes | polyuria (increased urination); polydipsia (increased thirst); polyphagia (increased hunger); weight loss
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| Low Blood Sugar | common with type 1 and type 2 DM; feelings of unease, sweating, trembling, and increased appetite, confusion, changes in behavior such as aggressiveness, seizures, unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent brain damage or death in severe cases
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| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | metabolic disturbance chara by nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, the smell of acetone on the breath, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of consciousness; mainly in type I DM
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| Hyperosmolar Nonketotic State | more common in type 2 DM and is mainly the result of dehydration
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| Diabetic Retinopathy | is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye, and can result in gradual vision loss and blindness
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| Diabetic Nephropathy | can lead to tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic kidney disease, sometimes requiring dialysis or kidney transplant
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| Diabetic Neuropathy | is the most common complication of diabetes.the symptoms can include numbness, tingling, pain, and altered pain sensation, which can lead to damage to the skin
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| Diabetic Foot Ulcers | can be difficult to treat, occasionally requiring amputation
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| Diabetic with peripheral vascular disease | doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease, and about 75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease. Other "macrovascular" diseases are stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
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| Diabetes Insipidus | excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely dilute urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the concentration of the urine
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| Two types of Diabetes Insipidus | CDI-a defect in ADH production; NDI-a defect in the kidneys' response to ADH
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| Hypopituitarism | decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain
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| Hypopituitarism Treatment | Hormones replacement; Surgical removal adenoma(common cause)
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