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Endocrine System
Endocrine System Vocab Chapter 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrine System | is made up of a network of glands. These glands secrete hormones to regulate many bodily functions, including growth and metabolism |
| Endocrine diseases are... | common and usually occur when glands produce an incorrect amount of hormones |
| Homeostasis | Maintains internal environment |
| Hypothalamus | sends chemical signals to pituitary |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless; Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream |
| Functions of Hormones | Control cellular respiration, growth, and reproduction, body fluids,electrolyte balance, secretion of other hormones, behavior patterns, regulate reproductive cycles, growth, development, chemical control |
| Endocrine Hormones | "Ductless" glands secreted into the bloodstream; 2 types: peptides (small proteins) and steroids (lipids) |
| Messenger Molecules | Cell-to-cell communication is carried out via these |
| Classification of Hormones | Modified amino acids /Amino acid derivatives (Epinephrine); Proteins (Insulin, growth hormones); Steroid (Cortisol, estrogen) |
| Peptide Hormones | do not enter the cell directly; bind to receptor proteins in the cell membrane; water soluble so they produce fast responses |
| Steroid Hormones | enter through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside of the target cell; may directly stimulate transcription of genes to make certain proteins; slower response than peptide hormones |
| Hypothalamus of the Brain | receives sensory info from thalamus; monitors the body for temperature, pH, other conditions; signals pituitary gland if conditions need to be corrected |
| Pituitary Gland | about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans; it is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) |
| Role of Pituitary Gland | "master gland" that signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed |
| Anterior Pituitary Lobe | receives signals from the hypothalamus, and responds by sending out the appropriate hormone to other endocrine glands |
| Posterior Pituitary Lobe | receives oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus, relays them to the body as necessary |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | cell metabolism and growth |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | stimulates thyroid |
| Adrenocorticotrpic Hormone (ACTH) | stimulates adrenal cortex |
| Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) | stimulates melanocytes |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Females - Stimulates ovarian follicle development; Males - Stimulates sperm cell production |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Females - Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production; Males - Testosterone production |
| Lactogenic Hormone (prolactin) | stimulates milk production in females; may cause decrease in male sex hormones |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | Increased water reabsorption in kidney tubules; Deficiency results in diabetes insipidus; Regulated through osmoreceptors; Dehydration causes water conservation |
| Oxytocin | Contraction of uterine smooth muscles; Constriction of mammary gland cells (lactation); Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of hemorrhage |
| Thyroid Gland | Located below larynx on either side of trachea |
| Thyroxine (T4) | metabolism |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) | metabolism |
| Calcitonin | regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration |
| Hypothyroidism | "underactive thyroid"; Cretinism, Lowered Metabolic Rate, Myxedema; primary-inadequate function of the gland itself; iodine deficiency is most common |
| Hyperthyroidism | Elevated Metabolism, Graves' Disease, Exophthalmia |
| Parathyroid Glands | Located within the posterior thyroid gland |
| Parathormone (PTH) | stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Breakdown of bone matrix |
| Adrenal Glands | Located on top of each kidney; controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes, including digestion, the immune system, mood and emotions, sexuality, and energy storage |
| Adrenal Medulla | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| Adrenal Cortex | Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens |
| Addison's Disease | lack of adrenal cortex hormones |
| Beta Cells | insulin production |
| Alpha Cells | glucagon production |
| Low Blood Glucose | Acidosis |
| High Blood Glucose | excess kidney production, dehydration |
| Diabetes Mellitus | insufficient insulin production |
| Testosterone | Development of male reproduction structures and sex characteristics |
| Estrogen and Progesterone | Development of female reproductive organs and sex characteristics; Control menstrual cycle |
| Thymus Gland | Located behind the sternum; Secretes thymosin; Important for T cell production; Thymus shrinks as we age |
| Pineal Gland | Located in the brain near the thalamus |
| Melatonin | Inhibits reproductive functions; Regulates body rhythms |
| Serotonin | neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor; Stimulates smooth muscle contractions |
| Primary Hypothyroidism | inadequate function of the gland itself; iodine deficiency is most common cause |
| Central Hypothyroidism | not enough stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| Hyperthyroidism | Graves' Disease; toxic thyroid adenoma; toxic multinodular goiter; fast heart beat; unintended weight loss, nervous system tremor |
| Graves' Disease | ophthalmopathy may cause the eyes to look enlarged because the eye muscles swell and push the eye forward |
| Graves' Disease Diagnosis | is confirmed by blood tests that show a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and elevated T4 and T3 levels |
| Graves' Disease Treatment | Antithyroid drugs; Beta-blocker; Surgery; diet |
| Congenital Hypothyroidism | Cretinism; Poor length growth is apparent as early as the first year of life; One of the cause from Dwarfism |
| Goiter | simple, nontoxic; hyperplasia of thyroid gland; PE plus blood test |
| Thyrotoxicosis | An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death |
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | results from a hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands, there is oversecretion of PTH |
| Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | is due to physiological secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia . The most common causes are vitamin D deficiency and chronic kidney failure |
| Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism | is seen in patients with long-term secondary; leads to hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands and a loss of response to serum calcium levels; most often seen in patients with chronic renal failure |
| Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms | most common is kidney stones with other potential symptoms including weakness, depression, bone pains, confusion, and increased urination; increase the risk of weak bones |
| Hyperparathyroidism Treatment | Primary: surgery (with symptoms) and Secondary: underlying cause |
| Hypoparathyroidism | is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone; Low level of blood Calcium |
| Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms | Cramping, twitching of muscles, tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), seizures, heart beat irregularities, spasm of the bronchi |
| Severe Hypocalcaemia | a potentially life-threatening condition, is treated as soon as possible with intravenous calcium |
| Addison’s Disease | primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism; adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones |
| Addison’s Disease Symptoms | low glucose, low sodium, weight loss, dehydration, increase pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes |
| Addison’s Disease Treatment | hormone replacement therapy to correct the levels of steroid hormones |
| Conn's Disease | primary hyperaldosteronism; is excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels |
| Conn's Disease Causes | Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (66%); Adrenal adenoma (Conn's syndrome) (33%); Primary (unilateral) adrenal hyperplasia—(2%) |
| Conn's Disease Diagnosis | screening and renin and aldosterone are measured |
| Conn's Disease Treatment | For people with hyperplasia of both glands spironolactone or eplerenone; adrenalectomy |
| Cushing's Syndrome | is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol; involve progressive obesity and skin changes; |
| Cushing's Syndrome Symptoms | high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly |
| Cushing's Syndrome Causes | medications called glucocorticoids, also commonly known as steroids or prednisone used in high doses over an extended period of time |
| Cushing's Syndrome Complications | osteoporosis, HTN, Type 2 Diabetes, frequent or unusual infections, loss of muscle mass and strength |
| Cushing's Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment | Diagnosis: Urine and blood test, saliva and imaging tests, Treatment: reducing corticosteroid use and surgery |
| Pheochromocytoma | is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands; secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent |
| Pheochromocytoma Symptoms and Treatment | Elevated heart rate and blood pressure, resistant arterial hypertension; Treatment: surgical removal adrenal glands |
| Type 1 Diabetes | results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown |
| Type 2 Diabetes | begins with insulin resistance, as the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop; the primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise |
| Gestational Diabetes | is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood-sugar levels |
| Symptoms of Untreated Diabetes | polyuria (increased urination); polydipsia (increased thirst); polyphagia (increased hunger); weight loss |
| Low Blood Sugar | common with type 1 and type 2 DM; feelings of unease, sweating, trembling, and increased appetite, confusion, changes in behavior such as aggressiveness, seizures, unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent brain damage or death in severe cases |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | metabolic disturbance chara by nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, the smell of acetone on the breath, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of consciousness; mainly in type I DM |
| Hyperosmolar Nonketotic State | more common in type 2 DM and is mainly the result of dehydration |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye, and can result in gradual vision loss and blindness |
| Diabetic Nephropathy | can lead to tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic kidney disease, sometimes requiring dialysis or kidney transplant |
| Diabetic Neuropathy | is the most common complication of diabetes.the symptoms can include numbness, tingling, pain, and altered pain sensation, which can lead to damage to the skin |
| Diabetic Foot Ulcers | can be difficult to treat, occasionally requiring amputation |
| Diabetic with peripheral vascular disease | doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease, and about 75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease. Other "macrovascular" diseases are stroke, and peripheral vascular disease |
| Diabetes Insipidus | excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely dilute urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the concentration of the urine |
| Two types of Diabetes Insipidus | CDI-a defect in ADH production; NDI-a defect in the kidneys' response to ADH |
| Hypopituitarism | decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain |
| Hypopituitarism Treatment | Hormones replacement; Surgical removal adenoma(common cause) |
Created by:
wallace263
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