Skeletal System Chapter 6
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| allogenic | originating from a different origin, as in a transplant of tissue from a matching donor but not the individual (recipient)
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| ankylosing spondylitis | type of arthritis that affects the vertebral column and causes deformities of the spine
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| arthrodesis | surgical fusion of a joint
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| articular cartilage | thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and the surfaces of the joint
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| bone depressions | concave, indented areas or openings in bones
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| bone markings | specific features of individual bones
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| bone processes | projections or outgrowths of bones
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| cancellous bone | spongy bone, not as dense as a compact bone
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| cervical vertebrae | vertebrae or bones of the neck, C1 through C7
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| compact bone | hard outer shell of the bone
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| condyle | knuck-like projection at the end of a bone
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| costochondritis | inflammation of the rib cartilage of the anterior chest wall
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| crest | distinct border or ridge, as in iliac crest
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| diaphysis | main shaft-like portion of a bone
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| epiphyseal line | a layer of cartilage that separates the diaphysis form the epiphysis of a bone; also known as the epiphyseal plate
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| epiphysis | the end of a bone
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| false ribs | rib pairs 8 through 10, connect to the vertebrae in the back but not to the sternum in the front, join the 7th rib in the front
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| fissure | a groove or depression in a bone; a sulcus
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| flat bones | bones that are broad and thin with flat or curved surfaces, such as the sternum
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| floating ribs | rib pairs 11 and 12, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but are free of any attachment in the front
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| fontanelle or fontanel | space between the bones of an infant's cranium; "soft spot"
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| foreman | hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
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| fossa | hollow or concave depression in a bone
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| haversian canals | system of small canals within compact bone that contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
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| hematopoiesis | the normal formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow
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| hemopoietic, hematopoietic | formation of blood cells
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| intercostal spaces | spaces between the ribs
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| intervertebral disk | a flat, circular, plate-like structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion between vertebrae
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| long bones | bones that longer than they are wide and with distinctive shaped ends, such as the femur
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| lumbar vertebrae | vertebrae of the lower back, L1 through L5
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| medullary cavity | the center portion of the shaft of a long bone containing the red and yellow marrow
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| ossification | the conversion of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue to bone; the formation of bone
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| osteoblasts | immature bone cells that actively produce bony tissue
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| osteoclasts | large cells that absorb or digest old bone tissue
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| osteonecrosis | the death of bone tissue; possibly form trauma or some disease process
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| periosteum | the thick, white, fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a long bone
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| red bone marrow | the soft, semifluid substance located in the small spaces of cancellous bone that is the source of blood cell production
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| resorption | the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
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| sesamoid bones | irregular bones imbedded in tendons near a joint, as in the kneecap
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| short bones | bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box-shaped
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| sinus | an opening or hollow space in a bone; a cavity within a bone
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| spine | a sharp projection from the surface of a bone; similar to a crest
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| stenosis | an abnormal condition characterized by a narrowing or restriction of an opening or passageway in a body structure
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| subluxation | incomplete dislocation
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| sulcus | a groove or depression in a bone; a fissure
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| sutures | immovable joints
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| synovectomy | surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint
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| thoracic vertebrae | the 12 vertebrae of the chest, T1 through T12
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| trabeculae | needle-like bony spicules within cancellous bone that contribute to the spongy appearance
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| trochanter | large bony process located below the neck of the femur
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| true ribs | the first 7 pair of ribs, which connect to the vertebrae in the back and to the sternum in the front
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| tubercle | a small rounded process of a bone
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| tuberosity | an elevated, broad, rounded process of a bone
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| vertebral foramen | a large opening in the center of each vertebra that serves as a passageway for the spinal cord
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| yellow marrow | located in the diaphysis of long bones, consists of fatty tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
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| True Ribs | Pairs 1-7; connected directly to the sternum
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| False Ribs | Pairs 8-12; connected to the sternum through cartilage or not at all
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| Floating Ribs | Pairs 11 and12; connected only to the thoracic vertebrae
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| Osteoporosis | occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women; major factor is hormonal; loss of standing height of greater than 2 inches; cervical kyphosis
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| Kyphosis | hump back or hunchback (outward)
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| Lordosis | swayback (inward)
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| Scoliosis | sideward (lateral)
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| Osteomalacia | bone become soft; deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood; occur in children, called rickets;
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| Osteomyelitis | local or generalized bone and bone marrow infection from bacteria; frequently caused by staphylococcal infection, spread from adjacent infection to bone; through blood; or directly through injury or surgery
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| Ewing's Sarcoma | malignant tumor of the bone, common to young adults, particularly adolescent boys; usually develops in the long bone or the pelvis; 65% cure rate; chemotherapy, radiation, surgery to remove the tumor or amputation
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| Paget's Disease | nonmetabolic disease of the bone, excessive destruction and unorganized bone formation; bone is weak and prone to fracture, osteitis defomans; severe case may require surgery to repair damage to bones and surrounding tissues
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| Spinal Stenosis | most common in older adults, pain is normally the first symptom; severe cases bladder and bowel dysfunction; tingling, numbness or muscle weakness
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| Talipes Equinovarus | clubfoot; surgery
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| Compound Fracture | Closed and open
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| Greenstick Fracture | Complete and Incomplete
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| Compression Fracture | caused by bone surfaces being forced against each other
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| Impacted Fracture | direct force causes the bone to break, forcing the broken end of the smaller bone into the broken end of the large bone
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| Comminuted Fracture | is a break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments
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| Pathological Fracture | bone weakened by a preexisting disease, breaks in response to a force that would not cause of normal bone to break
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| Hairline Fracture | stress fracture; minor fracture
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| Reduction | aligning the bone fragments through manual manipulation or traction; close or open
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| Fixation | maintain the bone alignment; close: cast, splint; open: screws, pins, nails and wires
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| Bone Marrow Aspiration | removing small sample of bone marrow with a needle; preferred sites: sternum, iliac crest and broad end of the tibia
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| Elongated middle portion or shaft of a long bone, also referred to as the body: | Diaphysis
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| The tibia is a... | long bone
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| A degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS that attacks the myelin sheath in the spinal cord and brain | Multiple Sclerosis
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