A&P - Chapter
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| nose | external portion composed of cartilage and bone (nostrils = nares)
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| paranasal sinuses | cavities within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
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| pharynx | throat - connects mouth and nose to larynx
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| nasopharynx | part of pharynx - behind the nose - contains adenoids
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| oropharynx | part of pharynx - behind the mouth - contains palatine tonsils
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| laryngopharynx | part of pharynx - behind the larynx
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| larynx | voice box - connects pharynx with trachea
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| trachea | windpipe - extends into the chest - passageway for air to bronchi
contains cartilage
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| bronchi | tubes that branch of from trachea to lungs
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| bronchioles | smallest branches of bronchi
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| alveoli | air sacs at the end of bronchioles - allow for exchange of gases between lungs and blood via capillaries
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| lungs | two cone-shaped spongy organs - left has two lobes, right has three lobes (apex=top, base=bottom, hilum=midline)
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| pleura | double folded membrane that surrounds the lungs
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| parietal pleura | outer layer - lines thoracic cavity
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| visceral pleura | inner layer - covers the lungs
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| pleural space | small space between pleural membranes
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| epiglotis | small flap that covers larynx so food cannot pass into airway when swallowing
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| inhalation | inspiration - diaphragm contracts and flattens
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| exhalation | expiration - diaphragm relaxes and rises
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| eupena | good breathing
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| inspection | observation - visual examination
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| palaption | touch - examination by application of hands of fingers
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| auscultation | listening with a stethoscope
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| percussion | tapping with fingertips
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| apena | without breathing
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| bradypnea | slow breathing - slower than 12 rpm
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| cough | forceful expiratory effort due to irritation of airways
nonproductive - dry cough, productive - wet cough
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| cyanosis | blue discoloration
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| dysphonia | difficulty speaking - hoarseness
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| dyspnea | difficulty breathing
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| epistaxis | nosebleed - aka rhinorrhagia
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| expectoration | act of spitting out saliva or coughing to clear out passageway to lungs
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| hemoptysis | expectoration of blood - coughing up blood
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| hypoxemia | insufficient O2 in the blood leads to hypoxia = deficiency of oxygen
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| hypercapnia | increased amount of CO2 in blood
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| Kussmaul respirations | deep, gasping respiration associated with diabetic acidosis
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| orthopnea | patient needs to be in standing or sitting position to avoid dyspnea
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| pleural rub | friction rub caused by inflammation of pleural space - auscultation = rubbing
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| rales | produced by passage of air through bronchi heard on inhalation - auscultation = crackling
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| rhinorrhea | runny nose
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| rhonchi | produced by passage of air through obstructed airways - auscultation = rattling (resembles snoring)
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| sneeze | expelling air forcibly through the nose
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| stridor | high-pitched, harsh sound during inhalation due to obstruction of air passages - heard w/out stethoscope
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| tachypnea | rapid breathing
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| wheeze | whistling sound resulting from narrowing of lumen - heard during exhalation w/out stethoscope
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| coryza | common cold - upper respiratory tract infection
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| croup | barking cough in children due to obstruction of larynx
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| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx resulting in hoarseness
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| pertussis | whooping cough
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| pharyngitis | sore throat
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| asthma | paroxysmal (happens intermittently) dyspnea accompanied by wheezing - caused by spasm of bronchial tubes
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| bronchogenic carcinoma | lung cancer
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| emphysema | chronic pulmonary disease - exhalation is difficult (caused by smoking)
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| empyema | pus in pleural cavity
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| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome aka hyaline membrane disease
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| pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses and chemical irritants
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| pneumothorax | air or gas in plueral cavity - causes collapsed lung
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| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome
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| thoracentesis | surgical puncture to collect pleural fluid
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| PPD | purified protein derivative aka tuberculin skin test (TST)
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| hyperventilation | rapid (tachypnea) deep breathing - creates low levels of CO2 in blood
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| bronchoscopy | instrument to view interior of bronchi
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| asymptomatic | without symptoms
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| sputum | mucous coughed up from lungs, bronchi, trachea through mouth
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| PFTs | pulmonary function tests
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