The Endocrine System
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| Pituitary Gland | referred to as the "master gland" and connected to the hypothalamus of the brain
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| Anterior Pituitary Gland | develops from an upward projection of the pharynx in the embryo and composed of regular endocrine tissue
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| Posterior Pituitary Gland | develops from a downward projection of the base of the brain
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| Pineal Gland | small cone- shaped structure, body's "biological clock" and produces melatonin
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| Thyroid Gland | located in the front of the neck just below the larynx, on either side of the trachea, secretes hormones T3, T4 and Calcitonin
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| Parathyroid Glands | consist of 4 tiny rounded bodies located on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| Thymus | a single gland located in the mediastinum near the middle of the chest, just beneath the sternum, has a role in development of the immune system
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| Adrenal Glands | consist of 2 small glands, with one being positioned atop each kidney, also known as suprarenal glands
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| Pancreas | an elongated gland located in the ULQ of the abdomen, behind the stomach, contains specialized groups of cells (known as islets of Langerhans)
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| Ovaries | female sex glands, responsible for ovulation
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| Testes | male sex glands, produce testosterone
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| Acromegaly | a chronic metabolic condition characterized by gradual, noticeable enlargement and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw and extremities due to oversecretion of the pituitary gland
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| Adenohypophysis | The anterior pituitary gland
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| Adenoma | A glandular tumor
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| Adenopathy | Any disease of a gland, characterized by enlargement
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| Adrenalectomy | Surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands
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| Adrenalitis | Inflammation of the adrenal glands
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| Adrenocortical | Pertaining to the cortex of the adrenal gland(s)
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| Aldosterone | A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium balance in the blood
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| Androgen | Any steroid hormone (e.g., testosterone) that increases male characteristics
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| Antidiuretic | Pertaining to the suppression of urine production; an agent given to suppress the production of urine
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| Cortex | Pertaining to the outer region of an organ or structure
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| Cortisol | A steroid hormone occurring naturally in the body; also called hydrocortisone
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| Cretinism | A congenital condition caused by a lack of thyroid secretion. Dwarfism, slowed mental development, puffy facial features, dry skin and large tongue
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| Diabetes (Gestational) | A condition occurring in pregnancy characterized by the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus and symptoms normally disappear after birth of baby
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| Diabetes (Insipidus) | A metabolic disorder characterized by extreme polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyuria (excessive urination)
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| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | A dangerous condition that occurs as a result of severe lack of insulin, causing the body to break down body fats instead of glucose for energy
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| Dwarfism | A condition in which there is an abnormal underdevelopment of the body, extremely short height
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| Endocrine Gland | A ductless gland that produces hormones directly into the bloodstream instead of exiting the body through ducts
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| Endocrinologist | A physician who specializes in the medical practice of treating the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system
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| Endocrinology | The field of medicine that studies the endocrine system
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| Epinephrine | A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, plays an important role in the body's response to stress
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| Estrogen | Female hormone that promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics
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| Euthyroid | Pertaining to a normally functioning thyroid gland
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| Exocrine Gland | A gland that opens onto the surface of the skin through ducts in the epithelium, such as an oil gland or a sweat gland
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| Exophthalmia | An abnormal condition characterized by a marked outward protrusion of the eyeballs
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| Gigantism | An abnormal condition characterized by excessive size and height
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| Glucagon | A hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
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| Glucogenesis | The formation of glycogen from fatty acids and proteins instead of from carbohydrates
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| Glucose | The simplest form of sugar in the body
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| Glycogenesis | The conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver for later use as needed
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| Glycosuria | The presence of sugar in the urine
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| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to excessive growth (hyperplasia)
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| Gonads | A term used to refer to the female and male sex glands
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| Grave's Disease | Hyperthyroidism
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| Gynecomastia | An abnormal enlargement of the breast in men; may involve one or both
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| Hirsutism | A condition in which there is excessive body hair in a male distribution pattern
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| Hypercalcemia | Elevated blood calcium level
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| Hyperglycemia | Elevated blood sugar level
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| Hypergonadism | Excessive activity of the ovaries or testes
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| Hyperinsulinism | An excessive amount of insulin in the body
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| Hyperkalemia | An elevated blood potassium level
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| Hypernatremia | An elevated blood sodium level
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| Hyperparathyroidism | Hyperactivity of any of the four parathyroid glands, resulting in an oversecretion of parathyroid hormone
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| Hyperpituitarism | Overactivity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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| Hyperthyroidism | Overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called Grave's Disease
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| Hypocalcemia | Less than normal blood calcium level
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| Hypoglycemia | Less than normal blood sugar level
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| Hypokalemia | Less than normal blood potassium level
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| Hyponatremia | Less than normal blood sodium level
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| Hypophysectomy | Surgical removal of the pituitary gland
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| Hypothyroidism | Less than normal activity of the thyroid gland
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| Insulin Shock | A state of shock due to extremely low blood sugar level
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| Medulla | The internal part of a structure or organ
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| Metabolism | The sum of all physical and chemical processes that take place within the body
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| Myxedema | The most severe form of hypothyroidism in the adult
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| Norepinephrine | A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, plays a role in the body's response to stress by raising blood pressure
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| Oxytocin | A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, stimulates contractions of the uterus and release of milk from breasts
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| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst
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| Polyphagia | Excessive eating
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| Polyuria | The excretion of excessively large amounts of urine
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| Progesterone | A female hormone secreted by the ovaries
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| Somatotropic Hormone | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the cellular processes necessary for normal body growth; also known as growth hormone
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| Syndrome | A group of symptoms occurring together, indicative of a particular disease or abnormality
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| T-Cells | Specialized lymphocytes that are involved in the immune response
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| Tetany | A condition characterized by severe cramping and twitching of the muscles and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints
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| Thymopoietin | A hormone secreted by the thymus, thought to stimulate the production of T-cells
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| Thymosin | A hormone secreted by the thymus, thought to stimulate the production of specialized lymphocytes, called T-cells
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| Thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland
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| Thyroxine | A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, helps maintain normal body metabolism (abbreviated as T4)
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| Triiodothyronine | A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, helps regulate growth and development of the body and control metabolism and body temperature (abbreviated T3)
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| Virilism | The development of the masculine physical traits in the female, also called masculinization
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| acr/o | EXTREMITIES
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| aden/o | GLAND
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| adren/o | ADRENAL GLANDS
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| adrenal/o | ADRENAL GLANDS
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| andr/o | MAN, MALE
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| calc/o | CALCIUM
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| cortic/o | CORTEX
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| crin/o | SECRETE
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| -crine | SECRETE
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| dips/o | THIRST
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| -dipsia | THIRST
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| gonad/o | SEX GLANDS
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| glu/o | SUGAR, SWEET
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| glyc/o | SUGAR, SWEET
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| gynec/o | WOMAN
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| -itis | INFLAMMATION
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| kal/i | POTASSIUM
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| lact/o | MILK
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| mastitis | BREAST
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| myx/o | RELATING TO MUCUS
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| natr/i | SODIUM
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| oxy- | SHARP, QUICK
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| pancreat/o | PANCREAS
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| parathyroid/o | PARATHYROID GLANDS
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| somat/o | BODY
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| thym/o | THYMUS GLAND
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| thyr/o | THYROID GLAND
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| thyroid/o | THYROID GLAND
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| toxic/o | POISONS
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| -tropin | STIMULATING EFFECT OF A HORMONE
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| -uria | URINE CONDITION
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| ACTH stands for | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
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| ADH stands for | Antidiuretic Hormone
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| BMR stands for | Basal Metabolic Rate
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| Ca stands for | Calcium
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| DI stands for | Diabetes Insipidus
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| DKA stands for | Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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| DM stands for | Diabetes Mellitus
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| FBS stands for | Fasting Blood Sugar
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| FSH stands for | Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
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| GH stands for | Growth Hormone
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| GTT stands for | Glucose Tolerance Test
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| HDL stands for | High-Density Lipoprotein
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| HbA1c stands for | Hemoglobin A1c
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| IDDM stands for | Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus; also known as Type 1 Diabetes
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| K stands for | Potassium
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| LH stands for | Luteinizing Hormone
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| LTH stands for | Lactogenic Hormone
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| MSH stands for | Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
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| Na stands for | Sodium
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| NIDDM stands for | Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus; also known as Type 2 Diabetes
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| OT stands for | Oxytocin
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| PBI stands for | Protein-Bound Iodine
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| PTH stands for | Parathyroid Hormone
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| RAI stands for | Radioactive Iodine
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| RAIU stands for | Radioactive Iodine Uptake
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| T3 stands for | Triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)
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| T4 stands for | Thyroxine (thyroid hormone)
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| TFT stands for | Thyroid Function Test
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| TSH stands for | Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
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| VLDL stands for | Very-Low Density Lipoprotein
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| Serum Glucose Test | measures the amount of glucose in the blood at the time the sample was drawn
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| Thyroid Echogram | an ultrasound examination important in distinguishing solid thyroid nodules from cystic nodules
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| Thyroid Function Tests | laboratory tests that measure the blood levels of the T3, T4 and TSH hormones, to determine how well the thyroid gland is working
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| Thyroid Scan | test that determines the position, size, shape and physiological function of the thyroid gland through the use of a radionuclear scanning
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| Thyroid Panel | laboratory blood test that produces an enhanced thyroid profile
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| Pancreatitis | An acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas
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| Conn's Disease | A condition characterized by excretion of excessive amounts of aldosterone, causes body to retain extra sodium and excrete extra potassium
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| Addison's Disease | A life-threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
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| Cushing's Syndrome | A condition of the adrenal gland in which a cluster of symptoms occur as a result of an excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH circulating in the blood
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