A&P Chapter 4
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| four types of tissue | connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
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| connective tissue | supports and binds other body tissue
and parts - liquid (blood), fatty (protective padding)
fibrous (tendons & ligaments), cartilage (rings around
trachea), solid (bone)
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| epithelial tissue | covers internal and external organs,
lines vessels, body cavities, glands
& organs
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| muscle tissue | produces movement via contraction &
relaxation of muscle fibers
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| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, smooth/visceral, cardiac
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| skeletal muscle tissue | attaches to bone & is responsible for movement
voluntary & striated
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| smooth/visceral muscle tissue | found in the walls of hollow internal organs
(i.e. inside stomach & intestines)
involuntary and non-striated)
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| cardiac muscle tissue | found in the heart
involuntary & striated
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| nervous tissue | transmits impulses, activates, coordinates &
controls many of the body functions
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| Five body cavities | Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, cranial, spinal
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| Thoracic cavity | contains lungs, heart, esophagus
aorta, trachea
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| abdominal cavity | contains liver, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas, intestines, kidneys
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| pelvic cavity | contains urinary bladder & reproductive organs
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| cranial cavity | contains the brain
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| spinal cavity | contains nerves of the spinal cord
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| What does the dorsal cavity include? | Cranial and Spinal cavity (in back)
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| What is the ventral cavity made up of? | Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity (in front)
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| What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? | the diaphragm
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| What is the pelvic cavity + the abdominal cavity called? | abdominopelvic cavity
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| What do a group of cells make up? | tissues
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| What do a group of tissues make up? | organs
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| What do a group of organs make up? | organ system
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| What does a group of organ systems make up? | an organism
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| Anterior | pertaining to front of the body - toward belly
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| Posterior | pertaining to the back of the body
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| Ventral | pertaining to the front - belly side
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| Dorsal | pertaining to the back
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| Medial | toward the mid-line of the body
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| lateral | toward side of the body - away from mid-line
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| superficial | pertaining to the surface of the body
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| deep | away from the surface - toward inside of body
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| superior | above/upward toward the head
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| inferior | below/downward toward tail or feet
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| cranial | pertaining to skull/cranial
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| caudal | pertaining to tail
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| distal | away from/farthest from the trunk of the body
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| proximal | toward/nearest to trunk of body
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| neoplasia | the new/abnormal development of cells that may
be benign or malignant
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| anaplasia | a change in structure of cells, characterized by loss
of differentiation & reversion to a more primitive form
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| aplasia | without formation
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| plantar | pertaining to the sole/bottom of foot
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| dorsum | back/posterior surface of a part - top of the foot
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| another word for coronal plane | frontal plane - divides body into front (anterior/ventral) to back (posterior/dorsal)
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| transverse plane | divides body into top (superior/cranial) and bottom (inferior/caudal)
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| midsagittal plane | body midline - divides body into equal right and left halves
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| medial | towards the midline
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| lateral | towards the side of the body, away from midline
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| cytogoly | study of cells
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| histology | study of tissues
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| membrane | thin layer of tissue that covers a surface (lines a
cavity or separates) i.e. peritoneum
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| peritoneum | membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall
containing viscera
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| viscera | internal organs
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| cell membrane | the outer layer or covering of a cell
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| how many divisions (segments) of the back? what are they? | five
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
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| cervical vertebrae | C1 - C7 - 7 vertabrae
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| thoracic vertebrae | T1-T12 - 12 vertabrae
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| lumbar vertebrae | L1-L5 - 5 vertabrae
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| sacrum | five fused bones
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| coccyx | tail bone - 4 fused bones
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| intervertebral disc | cartilage that rests between vertebrae
acts like a cushion or shock absorber
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