Summerville High School MWH Renaissance Reformation War
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| Francesco Petrarch | father of the Humanism, most noted for writing poetry in the vernacular
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| Giovanni Boccaccio | Italian Renaissance writer of the Decameron, a book about people during the Black Plague
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| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian Renaissance writer of The Prince, a book on how to become a powerful ruler
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| Martin Luther | Credited with starting the Protestant Reformation, he was a German Catholic theologian, author of the 95 Theses and founder of the Lutheran Church
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| John Calvin | French Protestant that led the Reformation movement in Switzerland – started the Calvinist church based on a much stricter interpretation of the Bible. Main concept of predestination
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| John Knox | Founder of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, heavily influenced by Calvinism
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| Absolutism | also called an absolute monarchy, system of government where the king has power with no limitations (Louis XIV for example)
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| Politique | ruler who values politics or power over all else (Henry IV of France valued power over religion)
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| Peace of Augsburg | allowed German princes to choose between Lutheran and Catholic religions
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| Edict of Nantes | issued by Henry IV, allowed Huguenots to practice their religion and have fortified cities
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| Peace of Westphalia | end of the Thirty Years War, first modern state treaty made between countries, not kings
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| Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre | Aug 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots killed on order of the King of France
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| Thirty Years War | 1618 - 1648, war over religion, territory and politics in the HRE
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| War of Spanish Succession | (1701 to 1714) war to prevent the union of the Spanish and French thrones (Louis XIV vs European alliance)
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| War of Austrian Succession | 1740 Frederick the Great of Prussia attacked Austrian territory when Maria Theresa took the throne
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| Seven Years War | (1756 to 1763)war in Europe, Austria/France vs Britain/Prussia, aka French and Indian War for fighting in Americas
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| Huguenots | French Protestants, mostly wealthy people
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| Bourbons | ruling family of France; started with Henry IV
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| Henry IV | aka Henry of Navarre; first Bourbon king of France, issued Edict of Nantes
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| Louis XIV | Bourbon absolute monarch of France, War of Spanish Succession; wars and policies led to high taxes
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| Maria Theresa | Hapsburg leader of Austria, War of Austrian Succession, Seven Years War
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| Frederick the Great | Kaiser (king) of Prussia, Ware of Austrian Succession and Seven Years War
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| Individualism | focus on personal achievements and needs
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| 95 theses | written by Martin Luther, list of problems with the church
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| Secularism | focus on worldly or non-religious things
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| Simony | sale of church offices
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| Italian Renaissance | focused on art and literature, more individual
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| Northern Renaissance | focused on realism and reform
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| Nationalism | people wanting a country of their own
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| Renaissance | rebirth of learning, art and culture
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| Humanism | belief in human potential
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| Oligarchies | governments run by a small group of powerful people (families)
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| Patrons | people who support a business or artists
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| Vernacular | in the common or local language
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| Christian Humanism | Northern European concept that humans can understand the Bible by reading it on their own, and who wanted to reform Christian practices
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| Indulgences | sale of forgiveness for sins
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| recant | take back a statement
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| Romanovs | Ruling family of Russia from 1613 to 1917
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| Tudors | Ruling family of England from 1485 to 1603, responsible for creating the Church of England
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