Gastroenterology
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| 7 GI layers (outer to inner) | Serosa, longitudinal muscle, Auerbach/myenteric plexus, circular muscle, submucosa (Meissner plexus), mucosa (muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, epithelium)
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| MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) is in which layer? | Lamina propria
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| 3 pairs of major salivary glands | Parotid, submandibular, suplingual
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| Superficial layer of esophagus is called ___. It is not serosa because ___. | Adventitia. Because its areolar connective tissue is not covered by mesothelium, and bc its connective tissue merges with connective tissue of surrounding structures.
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| In the stomach, chief cells secrete (2): | pepsinogen and gastric lipase
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| In the stomach, parietal cells produce (2): | intrinsic factor and HCl
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| In the stomach, G cells secrete (1): | gastrin
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| Function of stellate reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cells: | Fixed phagocytes that are located in sinusoids: destroy old WBC, RBC, bacteria, other foreign matter in venous blood from GI tract
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| In intestine, function of paneth cells (2) | secrete lysozyme; phagocytosis
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| Enteroendocrine cells in small intestine (3): | S cells, CCK cells, K cells
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| S cells secrete: | secretin
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| CCK cells secrete: | CCK (cholecystokinin)
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| K cells secrete: | GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)
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| Duodenal (Brunner's) glands secrete: | alkaline mucus (neutralizes gastric acid in chyme)
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| Fetal development: GI tract first rises in the: | endoderm (forms the primitive gut)
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| Fetal development: mesoderm gives rise to (2): | smooth muscle and connective tissue
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| Fetal development: ectoderm forms the (2): | stomodeum (oral cavity) and proctodeum
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| Cells that form an extensive network of stellate cells in muscle layers of GI tract; associated with smooth muscle cells & enteric neurons = | interstitial cells of Cajal
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| Substance that binds to M3-type muscarinic receptors in parietal cells to stimulate H+ secretion = | Acetylcholine
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| 3 substances that stimulate H+ secretion during feeding | Acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine
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| Histamine MOA for H+ secretion | secreted by ECL & mast cells, binds to parietal cell H2 receptors to activate adenylyl cyclase & increase cAMP, which activates protein kinase A to stimulate H+ secretion
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| Gastrin is a peptide hormone of (#) or (#) amino acids; somatostatin is a peptide of (#) or (#) amino acids. | Gastrin has 17 or 34. Somatostatin has 14 or 28
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| 3 phases of acid secretion during feeding | cephalic phase; gastric phase; intestinal phase
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| Protective MOA in stomach's mucous layer for H pylori | Urease converts urea to CO2 and ammonia (latter of which buffers luminal acid & protect H pylori)
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| How you get B12 | Dietary B12 binds with haptocorrin, which pancreatic proteases digest in duodenum; in low-acid small intestine, intrinsic factor binds with B12, and complex is taken up by ileum epithelial cells
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| Zollinger Ellison syndrome MOA | Recurrent PUD; Gastrinoma increases gastrin production; Gastric acid hypersecretion
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| The main vagal mediator that stimulates GI/gastric contraction is: | Acetylcholine
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| 2 neuronal mediators that inhibit GI/gastric contraction: | VIP and nitric oxide
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| Secretin (stimulated by acid) has what effect on gastric contraction? | inhibits antral contraction and stimulates pyloric sphincter contraction to slow gastric emptying
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| CCK (stimulated by fat) has what effect on gastric emptying? | acts on vagal nerve receptors to decrease emptying
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| The invaginations between small intestinal villi are called: | crypts of Lieberkuhn
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| Life span of enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells (on villi): | 4-6 days
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| Life span of Paneth cells: | 60 days
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| 2 most common phyla of commensal bacteria in intestine | Bacteroides and Firmicutes
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| Neurotransmitter secretagogues in the small intestine (2) | VIP and acetylcholine
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| Paracrine secretagogues in the small intestine (4) | bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins
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| peptide associated with the migrating myoelectric complexes | motilin (22 amino acids)
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