National College Nursing A&P 1 CH. 1 Quiz
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on it to display the answer.
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| Science involves logical inquiry based on what? | experimentation
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| idea or principle to be tested in experiments | hypothesis
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| series of tests of a hypothesis; | experiment
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| eliminates biases or outside or outside influences | controlled experiment
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| a hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence | theory
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| a theory that has an unusually high level of confidence | law
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| the process of science is | active and changing as new experiments add new knowledge
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| ______ is affected by ______ and _______ is affected by ________ | science,culture, culture, society
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| branches of biology concerned with the form and functions of the body | Anatomy and Physiology
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| science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts | Anatomy
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| study of the body and its parts relying only on the naked eye as a tool for observation | gross anatomy
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| study of body parts with a microscop | microscopic anatomy
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| study of cells | cytology
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| study of tissues | histology
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| study of human growth and development | developmental anatomy
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| study of diseased body structures | pathological anatomy
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| study of the body by systems | systemic anatomy
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| science of the functions of organisms | physiology
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| subdivisions named according to | 1.)organism involved,(human or plant physiology)
2.)organizational level, (molecular or cellular physiology)
3.)systemic function (respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology
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| Scientific terms are often based on _____ or _____ word parts | Greek, Latin
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| _____-is provided in the pull-out section near the front of this textbook | a terminology tool
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| Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologica Histologica | Official list of anatomical terms (TA Gross Anatomy; TH microscopic anatomy)
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| (TA& TH) Terms are listed in ____, _____ and by ____ | Latin, English, numbaer
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| (TA & TH) Avoids use of ____ | eponyms (terms based on a person's name)
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| Physiology terms (do/do not) have an official list but follow the same principles as TA & TH | do
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| a _____ criterion may be adequate to describe life | single
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| living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining | autopoiesis
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| if it is made of one or more cells, is is alive | cell theory
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| characteristics of life considered most important in humans | see table 1-1
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| sum total of all physical and chemical ractions occurring in the living body | metabolism
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| basis for life | chemical level
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| organization of ______ structures separates living material from nonliving material | chemical
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| organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter- a gel called_______ | cytoplasm
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| Chemical structures organized to form _____ that perform individual funtios | organelles
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| It is the functions of the ______ taht allow the cell to live | organelles
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| Dozens of organelles have been identified, including: | Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
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| smallest & most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life | Cells
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| each cell has a ______ surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane | nucleus
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| cells ______ to perform unique functions | differentiate
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| an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function | tissue
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| tissue cells are surrounded by | nonliving matrix
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| 4 major tissue types | a) epithelial tissue
b) connective tissue
c) muscle tissue
d) nervous tissue
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| organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function | organ
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| ______ represent discrete and functionally complex operational units | organs
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| each organ has a unique ___, ____, _______, and _______ in the body | size, shape, appearance, placement
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| most complex organizational units of the body | systems
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| system levels involves varying numbers and kins of organs arranged to perform complex functions | a) support and movement
b) communication, control and integration
c) transportation and defense
d) respiration,nutrition, and excretion
e) reproduction and development
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| the living human organism is ________ than the sum of its parts | greater
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| All of the components interact to allow the human to______ and _______ | survive and flourish
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| what are the levels of organization | Chemical
Organelle
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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| Anatomical Position is ________ position | reference
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| Body _____ with arms at _____ and palms ______ | erect,sides, forward
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| ______ and _______ pointing forward | head and feet
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| a term meaning tht right and left sides of the body are mirror images | bilateral symmetry
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| bilateral symmetry confers balanced _______ | proportions
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| ________structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position | ipsilateral
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| __________ structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position | contralateral
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| what are the 2 body cavities? | ventral and dorsal
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| r. and l, plerual cavities and the mediastinum are included in what cavity?? | thoracic cavity
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| what 2 cavities are part of the abdominopelvic cavity? | abdominal and pelvic
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| what 2 cavities are part of the dorsal cavity? | cranial and spinal
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| what are the body regions | a)axial subdivision
b) appendicular subdivision
c) abdominal regions
d) abdominopelivc quadrants
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| wast is included:- axial subdivision | head, neck torso, or trunk and its subdivisions
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| what is included:- appendicular subdivision | upper extremity and subdivisions
lower extremity and subdivision
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| what are the abdominal regions | r. hypochondriac
epigastric
l. hypochondriac
r. lumbar
umblical
l. lumbar
r. iliac (inguinal)
hypogastric
left iliac (inguinal)
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| Abdominopelvic quadrants? | right upper quadrant,
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
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| directional terms? | superior and inferior
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
medial and lateral
prosimal and distal
superficial and deep
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| terns related to organs | lumen (luminal
central and peripheral
medullary (medulla) and cortical (cortex)
apical (apex) and basal (base
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| lines of orientation alone which cuts or sections can be made to divide the body, or body part, into smaller pieces | plane
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| there are ___ major planes which lie at right angles to each other | 3
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| runs front to back to that sections through this plane divide the body (or body part) into right and left sides | sagittal
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| a sagittal plan that sections the body or part into right and left halves | midsagittal or median sagittal
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| runs lengthwise (side to side) and divides the body (or part) into anterior and posterior portions | frontal (coronal) pane
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| is a "crosswise" plane and it divides the body (or part into upper and lower parts | transverse
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| ________________ of structure and function is an important and unifying concept in the study of anatomy and physiology | complementarity
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| anatomical structures often seemed ________ to perform specific functions because of their unique size, shape, form or body location | "designed"
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| Understanding the _______ of structure and function assists in the integration of otherwise isolated factual information | interaction
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| used to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body- internal environment around body cells remains constant | homeostasis
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| the term homeostasis was coined by what American physiologist | Walter B. Cannon
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| body adjusts important variables from a normal ______ in an acceptable or normal range | "set point"
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| temperature regulation regulation of blood carbon dioxide level regulation of blood glucose level are all examples of | homeostasis
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| devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loops | homeostatic control mechanisms
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| basic components of control mechanisms are | sensor mechansims
integrating, or control, center
effector mechanism
feedback
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| specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal | sensor mechanism
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| information is analyzed and integrated, and then if needed, a specific action is initiated | integrating, or control, center
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| effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables | effector mechanism
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| process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator | feedback
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| *are inhibitory *stabilize physiological variables *produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system *are responsible for maintaining homeostasis *are much more common that positive feedback control systems | negative feedback control systems
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| *are stimulatory *amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring * tend to produce destablilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis *bring specific body functions to swift completion | positive feedback control systems
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| occur when information flows ahead to another process or feedback loop to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow | feed-forward control systems
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| a) regulation within cells b)genes or enzymes can regulate cell processes | intracellular control
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| a) regulation withing tissues or organs b) may involve chemical signals c) may involve other "built in" mechanisms | intrinsic control (autoregulation)
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| a)regulation from organ to organ b) may involve nerve signals c) may involve endocrine signals (hormones) | extrinsic control
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| structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years __________ and late years ___________ | developmental processes, aging processes
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| infancy and old age are perios when the body functions ______ | least well
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| __________ is period of greatest homeostatic effiiency | young adulthood
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| term to describe the wasting effects of advancing age | atrophy
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| high sodium effect | edema
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| low sodium effect | seizure, confusion
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| potassium high or low can cause | cramps, cardiac arrest
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| _____ controls almost everything | hypothalamus
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