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A&P 1 Ch. 1 Quiz
National College Nursing A&P 1 CH. 1 Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science involves logical inquiry based on what? | experimentation |
| idea or principle to be tested in experiments | hypothesis |
| series of tests of a hypothesis; | experiment |
| eliminates biases or outside or outside influences | controlled experiment |
| a hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence | theory |
| a theory that has an unusually high level of confidence | law |
| the process of science is | active and changing as new experiments add new knowledge |
| ______ is affected by ______ and _______ is affected by ________ | science,culture, culture, society |
| branches of biology concerned with the form and functions of the body | Anatomy and Physiology |
| science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts | Anatomy |
| study of the body and its parts relying only on the naked eye as a tool for observation | gross anatomy |
| study of body parts with a microscop | microscopic anatomy |
| study of cells | cytology |
| study of tissues | histology |
| study of human growth and development | developmental anatomy |
| study of diseased body structures | pathological anatomy |
| study of the body by systems | systemic anatomy |
| science of the functions of organisms | physiology |
| subdivisions named according to | 1.)organism involved,(human or plant physiology) 2.)organizational level, (molecular or cellular physiology) 3.)systemic function (respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology |
| Scientific terms are often based on _____ or _____ word parts | Greek, Latin |
| _____-is provided in the pull-out section near the front of this textbook | a terminology tool |
| Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologica Histologica | Official list of anatomical terms (TA Gross Anatomy; TH microscopic anatomy) |
| (TA& TH) Terms are listed in ____, _____ and by ____ | Latin, English, numbaer |
| (TA & TH) Avoids use of ____ | eponyms (terms based on a person's name) |
| Physiology terms (do/do not) have an official list but follow the same principles as TA & TH | do |
| a _____ criterion may be adequate to describe life | single |
| living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining | autopoiesis |
| if it is made of one or more cells, is is alive | cell theory |
| characteristics of life considered most important in humans | see table 1-1 |
| sum total of all physical and chemical ractions occurring in the living body | metabolism |
| basis for life | chemical level |
| organization of ______ structures separates living material from nonliving material | chemical |
| organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter- a gel called_______ | cytoplasm |
| Chemical structures organized to form _____ that perform individual funtios | organelles |
| It is the functions of the ______ taht allow the cell to live | organelles |
| Dozens of organelles have been identified, including: | Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| smallest & most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life | Cells |
| each cell has a ______ surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane | nucleus |
| cells ______ to perform unique functions | differentiate |
| an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function | tissue |
| tissue cells are surrounded by | nonliving matrix |
| 4 major tissue types | a) epithelial tissue b) connective tissue c) muscle tissue d) nervous tissue |
| organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function | organ |
| ______ represent discrete and functionally complex operational units | organs |
| each organ has a unique ___, ____, _______, and _______ in the body | size, shape, appearance, placement |
| most complex organizational units of the body | systems |
| system levels involves varying numbers and kins of organs arranged to perform complex functions | a) support and movement b) communication, control and integration c) transportation and defense d) respiration,nutrition, and excretion e) reproduction and development |
| the living human organism is ________ than the sum of its parts | greater |
| All of the components interact to allow the human to______ and _______ | survive and flourish |
| what are the levels of organization | Chemical Organelle Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism |
| Anatomical Position is ________ position | reference |
| Body _____ with arms at _____ and palms ______ | erect,sides, forward |
| ______ and _______ pointing forward | head and feet |
| a term meaning tht right and left sides of the body are mirror images | bilateral symmetry |
| bilateral symmetry confers balanced _______ | proportions |
| ________structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position | ipsilateral |
| __________ structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position | contralateral |
| what are the 2 body cavities? | ventral and dorsal |
| r. and l, plerual cavities and the mediastinum are included in what cavity?? | thoracic cavity |
| what 2 cavities are part of the abdominopelvic cavity? | abdominal and pelvic |
| what 2 cavities are part of the dorsal cavity? | cranial and spinal |
| what are the body regions | a)axial subdivision b) appendicular subdivision c) abdominal regions d) abdominopelivc quadrants |
| wast is included:- axial subdivision | head, neck torso, or trunk and its subdivisions |
| what is included:- appendicular subdivision | upper extremity and subdivisions lower extremity and subdivision |
| what are the abdominal regions | r. hypochondriac epigastric l. hypochondriac r. lumbar umblical l. lumbar r. iliac (inguinal) hypogastric left iliac (inguinal) |
| Abdominopelvic quadrants? | right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant right lower quadrant left lower quadrant |
| directional terms? | superior and inferior anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) medial and lateral prosimal and distal superficial and deep |
| terns related to organs | lumen (luminal central and peripheral medullary (medulla) and cortical (cortex) apical (apex) and basal (base |
| lines of orientation alone which cuts or sections can be made to divide the body, or body part, into smaller pieces | plane |
| there are ___ major planes which lie at right angles to each other | 3 |
| runs front to back to that sections through this plane divide the body (or body part) into right and left sides | sagittal |
| a sagittal plan that sections the body or part into right and left halves | midsagittal or median sagittal |
| runs lengthwise (side to side) and divides the body (or part) into anterior and posterior portions | frontal (coronal) pane |
| is a "crosswise" plane and it divides the body (or part into upper and lower parts | transverse |
| ________________ of structure and function is an important and unifying concept in the study of anatomy and physiology | complementarity |
| anatomical structures often seemed ________ to perform specific functions because of their unique size, shape, form or body location | "designed" |
| Understanding the _______ of structure and function assists in the integration of otherwise isolated factual information | interaction |
| used to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body- internal environment around body cells remains constant | homeostasis |
| the term homeostasis was coined by what American physiologist | Walter B. Cannon |
| body adjusts important variables from a normal ______ in an acceptable or normal range | "set point" |
| temperature regulation regulation of blood carbon dioxide level regulation of blood glucose level are all examples of | homeostasis |
| devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loops | homeostatic control mechanisms |
| basic components of control mechanisms are | sensor mechansims integrating, or control, center effector mechanism feedback |
| specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal | sensor mechanism |
| information is analyzed and integrated, and then if needed, a specific action is initiated | integrating, or control, center |
| effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables | effector mechanism |
| process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator | feedback |
| *are inhibitory *stabilize physiological variables *produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system *are responsible for maintaining homeostasis *are much more common that positive feedback control systems | negative feedback control systems |
| *are stimulatory *amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring * tend to produce destablilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis *bring specific body functions to swift completion | positive feedback control systems |
| occur when information flows ahead to another process or feedback loop to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow | feed-forward control systems |
| a) regulation within cells b)genes or enzymes can regulate cell processes | intracellular control |
| a) regulation withing tissues or organs b) may involve chemical signals c) may involve other "built in" mechanisms | intrinsic control (autoregulation) |
| a)regulation from organ to organ b) may involve nerve signals c) may involve endocrine signals (hormones) | extrinsic control |
| structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years __________ and late years ___________ | developmental processes, aging processes |
| infancy and old age are perios when the body functions ______ | least well |
| __________ is period of greatest homeostatic effiiency | young adulthood |
| term to describe the wasting effects of advancing age | atrophy |
| high sodium effect | edema |
| low sodium effect | seizure, confusion |
| potassium high or low can cause | cramps, cardiac arrest |
| _____ controls almost everything | hypothalamus |
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