liver pathology
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| hepatocellular carcinoma | associated with pre-existing cirrhosis especially HBV, aflotoxin, increased alpha feto protein
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| Cholangiocarcinoma | not associated with HBV, origionates from intrahepatic biliary epithelium
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| hemangiosarcoma | associated with toxic exposure to polyvinyl chloirde, thorotrast and arsnic
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| hemiangioma | most common benign tumor
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| adenoma | asoociated with oral contraceptives, may rupture and cause intraperitoneal bleeding
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| pre hepatic HTN | caused by portal and splenic vein obstruction
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| Intrahepatic HTN | caused by cirrhosis/tumors
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| posthepatic HTN | congestion in distal hepatic veins, CHF, constrictive pericarditis
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| inborn errors of metabolism that cause liver disease | apha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, galactosemia, and glycogen storage diseases
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| Wilson diesease | characterized by decreased serum ceruloplasmin, manifests as liver disease and invovles basal ganglia, marked by Kayser-Fleisher ring
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| hereditary hemochromatosis | defect in iron avsorption resulting cirrhosis, diabetes, and increased pigmentation. Marked increased serum iron and decreased TIBC
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| secondary hemochromatosis | caused by multiple transfusions and inefective erythropoiesis
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| Primary biliary cirrhosis | most likely autoimmune, anti-mitochonddial antibodies, characterized by severe obstructive jaundice, itching and hpercholesterolemia
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| secondary biliary cirrhosis | cuased by extrahepatic obstruction
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| clinical manifestations on alcoholic cirrhosis | jaundice, hypoalbumineamia, coagulation factor deficienceis, hyperestrinism
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| consequense of increased portal venous pressure | esophageal varices, rectal hemorrhoids, periumbilical venous collaterals, splenomegaly
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| Reye syndrome | acute disorder of young children characterized by encephalopathy, coma, and microvesicular fatty liver, associated with aspirin administration with acute viral infections
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| Chronic hepatits | may result from any viral hepatide except A&E, msy be autoimmune marked by anti smooth muscle antibodies
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| Hepatitis E | enterically transmitted water bourn. not associated with chronic hepatitis
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| HDV | replicatively defective, requires simultaneous infection with HBV, transmission sexual or parenteral
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| HCV | transmitted parenterally, often leads to carrier state and chronic hepatitis, frequectly associated with carcinoma
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| HBV | transmitted via parenteral,sexual and vertical routes, associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, can result in carrier or chronic hep.
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| HAV | fecal oral transmission, does not cause carrier state or chronic hepatitis
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| Dubin-Johnson syndrome | conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, discoloration of liver, caused by defective bilirubin transport
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| Crigler-Najjar syndrome | unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia caused by a deficiency of glucuronlyl transferase
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| Crigler-Najjar syndrome | leads to kernicterus but may respond to phenobarbital therapy
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| Gilbert Syndrome | common, elevated nconjugated bilirubin, no clinical consequences
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