chapter 12
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| The somatic nervous system controls what? | Skeletal muscle contractions
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| The effectors of the autonomic nervous system includes: | Skeletal muscle
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| which two branches of the nervous system commonly work as anatgonists to each other? | papasympathetic and sympathetic
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| clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes within the cell body of a neuron appear dark when stained. These are called: | Nissl bodies
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| If axons divide into branches, the branches are called: | collaterals
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| most sensory neurons are ___ neurons. | unipolar
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| motor neurons and most interneurons are ___ neurons. | multipolar
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| ____ are receptors that monitor position and movements of skeletal muscles and joints. | proprioceptors
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| at a synapse, neurotransmitters are released from the __ cell. | presynatic
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| ___ are cells that produce, circulate, and monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Ependymal cells
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| phagocytic cells in neural tissue of the CNS are: | microglia
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| in the preipheral nervous system, ___ produce the myelin sheath. | oligodendrocytes
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| ___ are the most numerous of the neuroglial cells. they form the blood-brain barrier. | astrocytes
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| ___ are neuroglial cells that surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia of the perpheral nervous system. they oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels for the associated neurons. | astrocytes
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| Nonmyelinated regions along a myeliated axon are called: | internodes
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| a shift in the resting membrane potential from -70V to -61V is called: | a graded potential
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| In the generation of an action potential, voltage-regulated sodium gates open at ___ millivolts and a tremendous amount of sodium ions diffuse into the cell. | -60V
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| Sodium ions spread along the cytoplasm at the surface of an axolemma by: | local potentials
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| At ___ millivolts, the voltage-regulated sodium gates close and voltage-regulated potassium gates open. | +30
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| when the voltage-regulated gates open, potassium floods outward and may create a moment of ____. | hyperpolarization
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| The ___ is (are) responsible for maintaining resting membrane distributions of sodium and potassium across the neuron cell membrane. | sodium-potassium pump
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| The period of time in which a stimulated neuron cannot respond to another stimulus is called the: | absolute refractory period
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| Along myelinated axons, action potentials travel rapidly by ___. | saltatory propagation
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| Action potentials travel fastest long ___ fibers. | type A
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| the neuromuscular junction is an example of a ___. | cholinergic synapse
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| the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is: | dopamine
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| inadequate ___ production may be responsible for many cases of chronic depression. | serotonin
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