principles of Health Science ch 1 and 2
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| Ancient Times | Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits and demons
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| Ancient Egyptians | Earliest people to maintain health records
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| Ancient Egyptians | Mummified corpses showed signs of arthritis, kidney stones and arteriosclerosis
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| Ancient Chinese | Treat whole body by cursing spirits and nourishing the body; recorded herbal medications; used acupuncture to treat pain
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| Ancient Greeks | Illness was result of natural causes; believed in disease prevention; studied effects of disease and the human body
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| Hippocrates | "Father of Medicine"
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| Hippocrates | Organized disease by signs and symptoms
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| Hippocrates | Created high standards of ethics used by physicians (Hippocratic Oath)
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| Sign | Objective patient observation
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| Symptom | Subjective patient observation
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| Sign | Fever
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| Symptom | Pain
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| Sign | Swollen ankle
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| Symptom | Nausea
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| Ancient Romans | Established hospitals (for injured soldiers)
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| Ancient Romans | Developed public sanitation systems (aqueducts for clean water, sewers for waste)
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| Dark Ages | Emphasis on saving soul and study of medicine prohibited
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| Middle Ages | Bubonic plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
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| Renaissance | The rebirth of science & medicine; dissection of the human body began
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| Leonardo DaVinci & Michelangelo | During the Reaissance, studied corpses and drew the human body more realistically
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| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | Invented the microscope
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| Ambroise Pare | Father of modern Surgery
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| Ambroise Pare | Used ligatures to bind arteries to stop bleeding
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| Rene Laennec | Invented the stethoscope
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| Florence Nightingale | Founder of modern nursing
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| Florence Nightingale | Start nursing schools
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| Ignaz Semmelweiss | Encouraged hand-washing
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| Louis Pasteur | Discovered that microorganisms cause disease and how to kill them (pasteurization of milk)
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| Joseph Lister | First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
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| Sir Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin
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| Crick and Watson | Described DNA structure
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| Cost containment | Control costs while achieving maximum benefits
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| Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) | Classifying patients with certain disease in one payment group
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| DRG | Diagnostic Related Group
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| Hopsital | Provides INPATIENT care.
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| Hospitals are classified by funding; list the four funding types. | 1) Proprietary/for profit 2) nonprofit 3) government 4) Religious
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| Hospitals are classified by services; list the two service types. | 1) General 2) Specialty
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| Long-term healthcare facility | Provides care for elderly, people with physical or mental disabilities and people with chronic or long-term illness.
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| Nursing home | For live-in patients who no longer can care for themselves
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| Emergency Care | Provide special care for accidents or sudden illness (risk of losing life, limb or eye sight)
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| Medical Offices | Provide diagnosis, treatment, examination, basic laboratory testing & minor surgery; usually operated by a group of group of physicans
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| Clinics | Provide a variety of OUTPATIENT services
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| Medical Labs | where diagnostic test are processed (usually blood or urine specimens)
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| Dental Labs | where implants, dentures and other corrective devices for the mouth are made
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| Home Health Care | Provide care to patients who are terminally ill
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| Palliative Care | Comfort care for the terminally ill
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| Mental Health | Provide care of patients who have mental illness and disorders
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| List 4 types of Mental Health Services | 1) Counseling 2) Psychiatric 3) Chemical abuse 4) Phsycial abuse
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| Genetic Counseling Centers | Provide testing & counseling to individuals or couples who are pregnant or considering pregnancy
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| Rehabilitation | Provide services to help patients with physical or mental disabilities develop maximum ability for self-care
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| List 3 examples of rehabilitative therapy | 1) Physical therapy 2) Occupational therapy 3) Speech therapy
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| Industrial Health Centers | Onsite clinic within a large industry or employer that provides basic exams, accident/illness prevention and wellness programs
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| School Health Services | Provide health screenings, health education, and emergency care to students and staff, along with recommendations for a safe/sanitary school environment
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| Local Health Departments | provide immunizations, inspections for health and sanitation, statistics and records, health education or clinics
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| Preventing Illness | Most effective cost containment strategy; prevent illnesses from occurring.
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| Outpatient Services | Cost containment strategy; provide as much patient care in the clinics (outpatients) vs. in hospitals (inpatients) that spend a night)
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| Mass/Bulk Purchasing | Cost containment strategy that purchases things in large quantity to save money
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| Combination of services | Cost containment strategy that saves money by offering similar services in on location (eg: pharmacy, radiology or labs)
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| Preventing illness | Save healthcare costs by keeping patients well by living a healthy lifestyle
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| Complementary and Alternative Methods (CAM) | Non-traditional medical therapies; they DO NOT have an evidence-based of science showing they are effective and safe.
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| CAM | Complimentary and Alternative Methods
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| Complementary Medicine | Used WITH traditional therapies
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| Alternative Medicine | Used INSTEAD of traditional therapies
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| Integrative Care | Healthcare providers use both traditional and CAM therapies
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| CRAAP | An acronym to help assess credibility of health information.
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| CRAAP | Currency. Relevance, Authority, Acceptance, Purpose
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| Health Literacy | Understanding health information and knowing how to use the information to stay healthy and access the healthcare system.
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| Poor health literacy | Have poorer health outcomes, more hospitalizations and cost the healthcare system more money.
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| Currency | When was the information published (or last reviewed/edited).
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| Relevance | Is the information related to and in-depth enough on your topic?
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| Authority | Was the health information written or reviewed by a healthcare professional?
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| Accuracy | Was the information based on facts? Were cites referenced or was there a bibliography?
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| Purpose | Who funds the publication (website)? What is the purpose of the website?
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| Hospice care | Provides pallative care for terminally ill patients
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| Genetic Counseling | provide genetic disease testing to pregnant couples
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| World Health Organization (WHO) | compiles statistics on disease; investigates serious health problems across the world
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| Food & Drug Administration (FDA) | regulates food and drug products sold to the public
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| Occupational Safety and Health administration (OSHA) | A federal agency that establishes and enforces standard that protect workers from job-related injuries and illness
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| National Institute of Health (NIH) | National organization that is involved in the research of disease
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| Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | National organization that researches causes, spread and control of disease
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| Managed Care | offer services through a system of providers at reduced rates
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| Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) | focuses on prevention; patient MUST have Primary Care Physician (PCP) referral to see a specialist and all non-emergent care MUST be pre-approved
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| Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) | Focuses on clients' preferences; a Primary Care Physician (PCP) referral IS NOT required
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| Medicaid | State-administered medical assistance program for low-income individuals/families
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| Medicare | Nationally administered medical assistance program for citizens age 65 or older
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| Medigap | Health insurance policy that helps pay for expenses not covered by Medicare
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| State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) | Low cost health insurance to uninsured children of families who do not qualify for Medicaid
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| TRICARE | Insurance for active duty and retired military and their families/survivors
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| Worker's Compensation | Provides treatment for workers injured on the job with payments made by employers and the state for healthcare costs and lost wages
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| Network or In-Network | Contracted healthcare providers, facilities and suppliers by your insurance company.
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| Out-of-Network | A healthcare provider, facility or supplier that is NOT on the contract with your insurance company. It will cost more to use out-of-network healthcare services.
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| Deductible | The amount you pay for healthcare services BEFORE your health insurance plan starts to pay for the healthcare services.
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| Co-insurance | A percentage your insurance and you agree to pay for healthcare services (80/20 - 80% paid by health insurance and 20% by you).
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| Co-payment (Or Co-pay) | Usually a set amount. The amount you have agreed with your insurance company to pay for healthcare services.
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| Premium | Amount you pay to purchase your health insurance
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| Out-of-pocket maximum | The maximum amount of money you will pay during a policy period for healthcare services. After this is reached, your health insurance will pay 100%.
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| Preauthorization | Except in an emergency, your health insurance must approve healthcare services PRIOR to them being provided.
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| Preventative Services | Screenings, counseling and routine check-ups that help prevent disease or provide early detection and treatment for disease.
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| Primary Care Physician (PCP) | The doctor you see first for your healthcare. In an HMO type insurance plan, they must see you first before referring you to a specialist for care.
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| Specialist | A physician with advanced training in a focus area, such as cardiology, neurology, nephrology etc.
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| Referral | A consult request from your PCP to a specialist.
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| Affordable Care Act | Law implemented in Mar 2010 that increased access to affordable healthcare/insurance, increase patient Bill of Rights and increased coverage for preventative services.
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