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medical history
principles of Health Science ch 1 and 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ancient Times | Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits and demons |
| Ancient Egyptians | Earliest people to maintain health records |
| Ancient Egyptians | Mummified corpses showed signs of arthritis, kidney stones and arteriosclerosis |
| Ancient Chinese | Treat whole body by cursing spirits and nourishing the body; recorded herbal medications; used acupuncture to treat pain |
| Ancient Greeks | Illness was result of natural causes; believed in disease prevention; studied effects of disease and the human body |
| Hippocrates | "Father of Medicine" |
| Hippocrates | Organized disease by signs and symptoms |
| Hippocrates | Created high standards of ethics used by physicians (Hippocratic Oath) |
| Sign | Objective patient observation |
| Symptom | Subjective patient observation |
| Sign | Fever |
| Symptom | Pain |
| Sign | Swollen ankle |
| Symptom | Nausea |
| Ancient Romans | Established hospitals (for injured soldiers) |
| Ancient Romans | Developed public sanitation systems (aqueducts for clean water, sewers for waste) |
| Dark Ages | Emphasis on saving soul and study of medicine prohibited |
| Middle Ages | Bubonic plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia |
| Renaissance | The rebirth of science & medicine; dissection of the human body began |
| Leonardo DaVinci & Michelangelo | During the Reaissance, studied corpses and drew the human body more realistically |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | Invented the microscope |
| Ambroise Pare | Father of modern Surgery |
| Ambroise Pare | Used ligatures to bind arteries to stop bleeding |
| Rene Laennec | Invented the stethoscope |
| Florence Nightingale | Founder of modern nursing |
| Florence Nightingale | Start nursing schools |
| Ignaz Semmelweiss | Encouraged hand-washing |
| Louis Pasteur | Discovered that microorganisms cause disease and how to kill them (pasteurization of milk) |
| Joseph Lister | First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery |
| Sir Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin |
| Crick and Watson | Described DNA structure |
| Cost containment | Control costs while achieving maximum benefits |
| Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) | Classifying patients with certain disease in one payment group |
| DRG | Diagnostic Related Group |
| Hopsital | Provides INPATIENT care. |
| Hospitals are classified by funding; list the four funding types. | 1) Proprietary/for profit 2) nonprofit 3) government 4) Religious |
| Hospitals are classified by services; list the two service types. | 1) General 2) Specialty |
| Long-term healthcare facility | Provides care for elderly, people with physical or mental disabilities and people with chronic or long-term illness. |
| Nursing home | For live-in patients who no longer can care for themselves |
| Emergency Care | Provide special care for accidents or sudden illness (risk of losing life, limb or eye sight) |
| Medical Offices | Provide diagnosis, treatment, examination, basic laboratory testing & minor surgery; usually operated by a group of group of physicans |
| Clinics | Provide a variety of OUTPATIENT services |
| Medical Labs | where diagnostic test are processed (usually blood or urine specimens) |
| Dental Labs | where implants, dentures and other corrective devices for the mouth are made |
| Home Health Care | Provide care to patients who are terminally ill |
| Palliative Care | Comfort care for the terminally ill |
| Mental Health | Provide care of patients who have mental illness and disorders |
| List 4 types of Mental Health Services | 1) Counseling 2) Psychiatric 3) Chemical abuse 4) Phsycial abuse |
| Genetic Counseling Centers | Provide testing & counseling to individuals or couples who are pregnant or considering pregnancy |
| Rehabilitation | Provide services to help patients with physical or mental disabilities develop maximum ability for self-care |
| List 3 examples of rehabilitative therapy | 1) Physical therapy 2) Occupational therapy 3) Speech therapy |
| Industrial Health Centers | Onsite clinic within a large industry or employer that provides basic exams, accident/illness prevention and wellness programs |
| School Health Services | Provide health screenings, health education, and emergency care to students and staff, along with recommendations for a safe/sanitary school environment |
| Local Health Departments | provide immunizations, inspections for health and sanitation, statistics and records, health education or clinics |
| Preventing Illness | Most effective cost containment strategy; prevent illnesses from occurring. |
| Outpatient Services | Cost containment strategy; provide as much patient care in the clinics (outpatients) vs. in hospitals (inpatients) that spend a night) |
| Mass/Bulk Purchasing | Cost containment strategy that purchases things in large quantity to save money |
| Combination of services | Cost containment strategy that saves money by offering similar services in on location (eg: pharmacy, radiology or labs) |
| Preventing illness | Save healthcare costs by keeping patients well by living a healthy lifestyle |
| Complementary and Alternative Methods (CAM) | Non-traditional medical therapies; they DO NOT have an evidence-based of science showing they are effective and safe. |
| CAM | Complimentary and Alternative Methods |
| Complementary Medicine | Used WITH traditional therapies |
| Alternative Medicine | Used INSTEAD of traditional therapies |
| Integrative Care | Healthcare providers use both traditional and CAM therapies |
| CRAAP | An acronym to help assess credibility of health information. |
| CRAAP | Currency. Relevance, Authority, Acceptance, Purpose |
| Health Literacy | Understanding health information and knowing how to use the information to stay healthy and access the healthcare system. |
| Poor health literacy | Have poorer health outcomes, more hospitalizations and cost the healthcare system more money. |
| Currency | When was the information published (or last reviewed/edited). |
| Relevance | Is the information related to and in-depth enough on your topic? |
| Authority | Was the health information written or reviewed by a healthcare professional? |
| Accuracy | Was the information based on facts? Were cites referenced or was there a bibliography? |
| Purpose | Who funds the publication (website)? What is the purpose of the website? |
| Hospice care | Provides pallative care for terminally ill patients |
| Genetic Counseling | provide genetic disease testing to pregnant couples |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | compiles statistics on disease; investigates serious health problems across the world |
| Food & Drug Administration (FDA) | regulates food and drug products sold to the public |
| Occupational Safety and Health administration (OSHA) | A federal agency that establishes and enforces standard that protect workers from job-related injuries and illness |
| National Institute of Health (NIH) | National organization that is involved in the research of disease |
| Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | National organization that researches causes, spread and control of disease |
| Managed Care | offer services through a system of providers at reduced rates |
| Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) | focuses on prevention; patient MUST have Primary Care Physician (PCP) referral to see a specialist and all non-emergent care MUST be pre-approved |
| Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) | Focuses on clients' preferences; a Primary Care Physician (PCP) referral IS NOT required |
| Medicaid | State-administered medical assistance program for low-income individuals/families |
| Medicare | Nationally administered medical assistance program for citizens age 65 or older |
| Medigap | Health insurance policy that helps pay for expenses not covered by Medicare |
| State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) | Low cost health insurance to uninsured children of families who do not qualify for Medicaid |
| TRICARE | Insurance for active duty and retired military and their families/survivors |
| Worker's Compensation | Provides treatment for workers injured on the job with payments made by employers and the state for healthcare costs and lost wages |
| Network or In-Network | Contracted healthcare providers, facilities and suppliers by your insurance company. |
| Out-of-Network | A healthcare provider, facility or supplier that is NOT on the contract with your insurance company. It will cost more to use out-of-network healthcare services. |
| Deductible | The amount you pay for healthcare services BEFORE your health insurance plan starts to pay for the healthcare services. |
| Co-insurance | A percentage your insurance and you agree to pay for healthcare services (80/20 - 80% paid by health insurance and 20% by you). |
| Co-payment (Or Co-pay) | Usually a set amount. The amount you have agreed with your insurance company to pay for healthcare services. |
| Premium | Amount you pay to purchase your health insurance |
| Out-of-pocket maximum | The maximum amount of money you will pay during a policy period for healthcare services. After this is reached, your health insurance will pay 100%. |
| Preauthorization | Except in an emergency, your health insurance must approve healthcare services PRIOR to them being provided. |
| Preventative Services | Screenings, counseling and routine check-ups that help prevent disease or provide early detection and treatment for disease. |
| Primary Care Physician (PCP) | The doctor you see first for your healthcare. In an HMO type insurance plan, they must see you first before referring you to a specialist for care. |
| Specialist | A physician with advanced training in a focus area, such as cardiology, neurology, nephrology etc. |
| Referral | A consult request from your PCP to a specialist. |
| Affordable Care Act | Law implemented in Mar 2010 that increased access to affordable healthcare/insurance, increase patient Bill of Rights and increased coverage for preventative services. |
Created by:
cbiondillo
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