Anatomy Mouth to Stomach
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| List 4 potential causes of dysphagia | Stroke, Parkinsons disease, MS, mouth/oesophageal cancer
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| What is dysphagia? | Inability or difficulty swallowing
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| Which muscle forms the floor of the mouth? | Mylohyoid
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| What is the vestibule? | The area between the lips and teeth
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| What is the oral cavity? | The area behind the teeth and gums anterior to the oropharynx
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| What are gingivae? | Gums
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| Which nerves supply teeth and gums? | Superior and inferior alveolar nerves
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| Which ligament anchors teeth into their sockets (alveoli)? | Periodontal ligaments
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| What vessel supplies blood to the tongue? | Lingual artery
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| What vessel drains blood from the tongue? | Lingual vein
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| Where does all lymph from the tongue drain to? | Deep cervical nodes
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| Which epithelium covers the tongue and palate? | Non-keratinised squamous
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| Which nerves supply motor innervation to the tongue? | Hypoglossal (CN XII)
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| Which nerve carries taste information from the tongue to the brain? | Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (CN VII) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
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| What is deglutition? | Swallowing
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| What happens in the third stage of swallowing? | A wave of peristalsis moves bolus down the oesophagus
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| Which artery supplies blood to the palate? | Branches of maxillary artery
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| Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the palate? | Maxillary division of CN V2
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| Which nerves supply motor innervation to the palate? | Pharyngeal plexus
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| Which group of muscles elevate the larynx? | Suprahyoid muscles
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| Which muscles are part of the suprahyoid group? | Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, digastrics
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| Which group of muscles depress the larynx? | Infrahyoid muscles
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| Which muscles are part of the infrahyoid group? | Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothryoid, thyrohyoid
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| Where is the nerve supply to the pharynx derived from? | The pharyngeal plexus
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| Where is the opening of the parotid duct? | The hard palate
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| Where does the submandibular duct/Wherton duct open? | Either side of the lingual frenulum
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| Where is the opening of the sublingual duct? | Beneath the tongue (also known as the ducts of Rivinus)
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| Which nerves pass through the parotid gland? | Facial and great auricular nerves
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| Which arteries pass through the parotid gland? | External carotid, superior temporal and maxillary arteries
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| Which vein passes though the parotid gland? | Retromandibular vein
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| Where is the first oesophageal narrowing? | Cricopharyngeal sphincter (C5)
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| Where is the second oesophageal narrowing? | Aortic arch
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| Where is the third oesophageal narrowing? | L main bronchus
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| Where is the fourth oesophageal narrowing? | Gastrooesophageal junction / cardiac sphincter
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| What are rugae? | Folds in the stomach mucosa
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| List 4 differentials for indigestion | IBS, hiatial hernia, gall stones, peptic ulcer disease
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| At which vertebral level does the oesophagus begin? | C6
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| What type is the oesophageal epithelium? | Stratified squamous
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| Which region of the mediastinum does the oesophagus pass through? | Posterior mediastinum
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| What are the anterior relations of the stomach? | Anterior abdominal wall
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| What are the posterior relations of the stomach? | Spleen, kidney, pancreas, transverse colon
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| What are the superior relations of the stomach? | Diaphragm
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| What is the oesophageal blood supply (in descending order)? | Inferior thyroid artery, branch of thoracic aorta, left gastric artery
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| Where does oesophageal lymph drain to? | Posterior mediastinal and left gastric nodes
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| Where do the veins carrying blood from the stomach drain to? | Portal system
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| Where does lymph from the stomach drain to? | Coeliac nodes
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