Chapters 13 and 14
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| What was the chief goal of the Crusades? | to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim turks
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| During the later Middle Ages, where were most serfs likely to search for freedom? | towns or cities
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| An association of people who worked at the same occupation is called what? | Craft guild
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| Farmers produced more food, and villages had more to eat because of what system? | Three-field system
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| In which crusade did western Christians loot Constantinople? | Fourth Crusade
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| Which leader halted the Muslim invasion of Western Europe at the Battle of Tours? | Charles Martel
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| A community of men who gave up all private possessions to serve God was called what? | monastery
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| What was a lord's estate called? | manor
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| What was the body of rules and regulations governing religious practices such as marriage? | canon law
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| What system of government was based on the exchange of land for protection and services? | feudalism
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| Which Carolingian leader reunited Western Europe and was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III? | Charlamagne
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| What was the act of taking away a person's right to membership in the Church? | excommunication
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| During the Middle Ages, what was a grant of land from a lord to a vassal called? | fief
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| Who was most responsible for the spread of the bubonic plague to Europe? | traders
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| What was name of the effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain? | Reconquista
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| Whose rights did the Magna Carta originally intend to defend? | English nobility
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| How did the Battle of Hastings change the course of English history? | The Normans took control of England.
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| Who built an empire larger than any since Rome? | Charlemagne
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| Over what issue did Pope Gregory VII and the German emperor Henry IV fight? | secular appointment of bishops
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| What was an effective weapon for a pope to use against a king because it cost the king the loyalty of his subjects, who feared for their own souls? | interdict
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| The bargain made between a lord and a vassal was that the lord would grant the vassal _________ in exchange for military service.. | land
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| The __________ resulted in the division of Charlemagne's empire into three parts. | Treaty of Verdun
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| One factor that led to the Vikings ceasing their raids was ______ _______ in the Viking homeland improved. | farming conditions
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| According to the code of ______, a knight fought for his lady, his feudal lord, and his heavenly Lord. | chivalry
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| One negative effect of the _______ that has continued to the present is the hostility between Muslims and Christians. | Crusades
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| Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in the ____ | vernacular
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| At stake at the Battle of _________ was whether the Normans or the Anglo-Saxons would rule England. | Hastings
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| Why were Europeans able to begin studying ancient Greek works? | Muslim and Byzantine libraries contained the writings of Greek philosophers.
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| Which Crusade resulted in the signing of a truce and an agreement to allow Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem? | Third Crusade
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| Which Crusade resulted in the capture of Jerusalem by the Christians and the creation of four Crusader states? | First Crusade
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| The style of architecture that intended to achieve greater light and height was __________ | Gothic
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| The style of architecture in which churches had thick walls and pillars that held up a heavy roof was __________. | Romanesque
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| What was the Church court that was used in Spain to persecute Jews and Muslims? | Inquisition
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| Which pope called for the First Crusade? | Urban II
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| The practice of selling positions in the Church is known as | simony
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| Who was the English king who led the Third Crusade? | Richard the Lion-hearted
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| The leader who brought Christianity to the Franks was | Clovis
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| A book of rules to be used for governing monasteries was written by | Benedict
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| Who was chiefly responsible for increasing the Church's secular role during the Middle Ages? | Gregory I
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| What was the ethnic background of the Vikings? | Germanic
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| Who led the Norman conquest of England? | William the Conqueror
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| Knights most commonly traded military service for | land
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| One action that was forbidden in the code of chivalry, but for which knights were rarely punished, was | brutality to the weak
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| Who forced whom to sign the Magna Carta? | The English nobility forced John to sign.
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| Who was the lowest ranking member of the clergy during the Middle Ages? | priest
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| Emperor Henry IV's punishment for defying the pope was what? | excommunication
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| The person who was so famous for his red beard that he was nicknamed Barbarossa was _______. | Frederick I
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| Canon law deals with issues under the authority of the _____. | Church
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| Baptism is an example of a _________. | sacrament
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| In 1100, the Holy Roman Empire covered most of what is present-day ____________. | Germany
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