Ch 50 Electrocardiography, Ch 51 Pulmonary Function
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| electrocardiogram | -ECG / EKG
-record produced by electrocardiography
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| electrical cardiac cycle | one set of PQRST waves
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| P wave | atrial depolarization (contraction) as initiated by the SA node
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| QRS complex | ventricular depolarization (contraction)
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| T wave | repolarization (returning to a resting / relaxed state)
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| artifact | errors on EKG rhythm strips caused by a variety of factors including somatic (muscle) tremors, wandering baseline (poor contact with skin), and 60-cycle or AC current interference
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| V1 | 4th intercostal space, right sternal border
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| V2 | 4th intercostal space, left sternal border
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| V3 | Midway between V2 and V4
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| V4 | 5th intercostal space, below nipple, left of midclavicular line
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| V5 | Left of anterior axillary fold, in line with V4
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| V6 | Left of MIDAXILLARY, in line with V4 and V5
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| Lead I | right arm to left arm (top of triangle)
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| Lead II | right arm to left leg (right side of triangle)
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| Lead III | left arm to left leg (left side of triangle)
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| AVR | Right arm + midpoint of left arm and left leg
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| AVL | Left arm + midpoint of right arm and left leg
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| AVF | Left leg + midpoint of right arm and left arm
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| EKG paper | moves at speed of 25 mm/sec in all machines
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| 2 types of EKG machines | -single channel (one lead at a time)
-multichannel (all 12 leads simultaneously)
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| MA's responsibility when recording an EKG | produce a clear and accurate tracing for each patient
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| When do you change from 25 mm/sec to 50 mm/sec | when the heart rate is rapid, such as tachycardia
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| chest leads | precordial leads
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| intercostal space | space between ribs
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| sinus bradycardia (abn strip) | normal cycles but less than 60 bpm
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| sinus tachycardia (abn strip) | normal cycles but more than 100 bpm
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| ventricular fibrillation (abn strip) | -waves are irregular and rounded
-contractions uncoordinated
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| ventricular tachycardia (abn strip) | -3 or more consecutive pvc's
-complexes are wide/tall and bizarre in appearance
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| rhythm strip | run on lead II for 20 seconds
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| inspiration strip | run on lead II for 10 seconds while pt is holding breath
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| Multiple Gated Acquisition Scan | -MUGA
-test to check perfusion in myocardium
-does not require exercise
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| Holter monitor | -recorded for 24 hour period
-uses 5 disposable chest sensors
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| pacemakers | -electronic devices that help heart maintain normal rhythm
-increases heart rate in bradycardia
-decreases heart rate in tachycardia
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| Pulmonary Function Tests | -PFTs
-are a part of a pt's yearly physical to determine a baseline study of their lung function
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| Total Lung Capacity | -TLC
-volume of the lungs at peak inspiration
- = tidal vol + exp reserve vol + insp reserve vol + residual vol
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| Inspiratory Capacity | -IC
-amt of air that can be inhaled after normal expiration
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| Vital Capacity | -VC
-amt of air that can be exhaled following forced inspiration and including maximum expiration
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| pulmonary conditions | -coughing
-wheezing
-cyanosis
-rales - crackles heard when listening to the chest
-hemoptysis - blood in sputum
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| rales | -pulmonary condition
-crackles heard when listening to the chest
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| hemoptysis | -pulmonary condition
-blood in sputum
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| Disorders of Respiratory System (5) | -hay fever
-pneumonia
-pleuritis
-pneumothorax
-hemothorax
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| hay fever | disorder of respiratory system
-aka allergic rhinitis
-allergic rxn to dust, pollen, etc that causes runny nose, sneezing, and congestion
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| pneumonia | disorder of respiratory system
-inflammation or fluid fills the alveoli
-due to infection caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus
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| pleuritis | disorder of respiratory system
-aka pleurisy
-inflammation of the lining of the chest wall and lungs
-sharp pain upon inspiration
-can develop after other lung infections, trauma, or diseases
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| pneumothorax | disorder of respiratory system
-collapsed lung
-caused by buildup of air / gases that accumulate in pleura (space between chest wall and lungs)
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| hemothorax | disorder of respiratory system
-collection of blood in pleura
-most commonly caused by chest trauma
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| spirometry | -non-invasive test that measures the ability of the lungs to exhale
-reflects elasticity, ability to ventilate, and strength of respiratory muscles
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| pulmonary volumes (4) | 1. Tidal volume
2. Expiratory Reserve Volume
3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
4. Residual Volume
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| Pulmonary Capacities (4) | 1. Total lung capacity
2. Vital capacity
3. inspiratory capacity
4. functional residual capacity
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| Expiratory Reserve Volume | -ERV
-max amt of air left that can be exhaled after normal expiration
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| Forced Vital Capacity | -FVC
-Amt of air that can be forcefully exhaled from a max inhaltion
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| peak flow meter | -measures the pt's ability to move air into and out of the lungs
-MA's responsibility to teach pt and family ht use it
-usually average three tries
-pt should keep a daily log of results
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| oxygen saturation | -measured in %
-determines the Oxygen content of arterial blood
-can determine dangerous levels even before hypoxia sets in
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| nebulizer | -delivers medication via aerosol to deeper areas of lungs
-can be done in office or at home
-in office, check drug 3 times before mixing with diluent
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| inhaler | -holds about 200 doses of prescribed med
-can be used alone or with spacer
-often misused, resulting in inadequate treatments
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