early humans gillespie sol 2 paleolithic neolithic
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| a society with knowledge of writing and other advanced characteristics in sciences, technology, government, economy, religion, etc | civilization
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| period of time before writing | prehistory
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| branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events | history
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| Old Stone Age | Paleolithic
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| era in which people were nomadic hunter-gatherers | Paleolithic
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| New Stone Age | Neolithic
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| to wander in search of food | nomad
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| period of time in which people used stone tools but also had knowledge of farming | Neolithic
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| Middle Stone Age | Mesolithic
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| primate species that includes humans | hominid
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| a two-footed animal/upright walking | biped
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| technique used by historians to determine the age of a once-living object | radiocarbon dating
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| production, distribution, and consumption (use of) goods and services | economic
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| of or relating to government | political
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| belief in a supernatural power/creator of the universe | religion
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| a peoples shared way of life | culture
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| practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and/or raising livestock; farming | agricultural
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| dealing with farms; agriculture | agrarian
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| personal perception or view that may interfere with one's ability to make a decision/judgment | bias
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| spread or not centralize | diffuse
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| the spreading of goods, ideas, beliefs, etc from one group of people to another | cultural diffusion
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| wanderers (in search of food) | nomadic
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| belief in one god | monotheistic
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| belief in more than one god | polytheistic
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| earliest Paleolithic stone tools, includes stone chopper | Oldowan
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| extra | surplus
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| refers to the discovery of agriculture and the changes that resulted from that discovery | Neolithic Revolution
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| movement from one region to settle into another | migration
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| on what continent did hominids first emerge | Africa
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| British archaeological site consisting of several rock/monolithic structures built during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages | Stonehenge
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| the study of past cultures by the discovery and analyzing of materials | archaeology
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| early human-like primates* | Australopithecine
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| refers to the tools used by Neanderthals including flakes* | Mousterian
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| lower Paleolithic stone tools characterized by flaked bifacial hand axes* | Acheulian
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| training of people in specific tasks or jobs that results in an increase in production | specialization of labor
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| hominid species that existed only in Europe and southwestern Asia | Neandertals
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| extinct species of humans found in China (subspecies of homo erectus)* | Peking Man
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| Australopithecine female found in eastern Africa that is approximately 3 million years old (40% intact)* | Lucy
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| extinct species of humans and probably the first to make stone tools that existed approximately 2 million years ago | homo habilis
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| hominid species that first mastered fire used Acheulian tools and may have been the first to migrate from Africa | homo erectus
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| early homo-sapiens of the Paleolithic era; known for cave paintings | Cro-Magnon
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| archaeological find that suggest that homo erectus was in eastern Asia approximately 1 million years ago (more primitive than* Peking Man) | Java man
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| last name of the famous archaeological family known for their discoveries of hominin and other fossil remains in eastern Africa (Olduvai Gorge, Turkana Boy, and other early hominins)* | Leakey
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| discovered Lucy* | Donald Johanson
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| to supply water through channels, ditches, etc | irrigate
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| eyewitness account, including autobiographies and diaries | Primary source
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| a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere and often analyzes that information | secondary source
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| Neolithic settlement in modern-day Turkey that flourished c.6500–c.5800 B.C.E. the economy was agricultural and provides us with an understanding of a Neolithic society | Catal Huyuk
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| Palestinian town occupied since 9000 BCE (originally a hunter-gatherer site, it was later reoccupied as a Neolithic city) | Jericho
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| Before Common Era | BCE
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| man-made object of historical importance | artifact
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| hardened remains of a once-living object from another geologic period | fossil
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| What types of tools were used during the Paleolithic Age? | stone tools progressing from chopper stones to eventually flakes and use of other materials (ivory, bone, antler, etc)
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| How did people acquire food during the Paleolithic Age? | hunters and gatherers
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| What inventions and discoveries were made during the Paleolithic Age? | oral language, fire, improved stone technology, cave art
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| French site rich in cave paintings | Lasceaux
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| By what means did people acquire food during the Neolithic Age? | farmers and herders
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| How did life change during the Neolithic Age? | permanent settlements (villages), increased importance of religion and government, increased specialization of labor (pottery and weaving)
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| When did the Neolithic Age begin? | 10,000 BCE; different times throughout the year
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| What factors contributed to the increase in agricultural surplus? | improved tools (use of metal, the plow), improved irrigation systems, etc.
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| What happened as a result of agricultural surpluses? | increase trade, growth of cities, increased role of government
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| Describe the governments of early civilizations and their roles | centralized and closely linked to religion, monarchies; provided protection, taxed people, created laws and oversaw the land
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| Describe early economies of early civilizations | agricultural/agrarian, specialization of labor
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| Why did early civilizations emerge along river valleys? | fertile soil, ability to support cities and rise of civilizations
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