Bones and Skeletal tissues
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| Hypertrophic zone | older chondrocytes (cartilage cells) enlarge
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| Calcification zone | matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity
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| Ossification zone | new bone forms
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| Metaphysis | in a growing bone, the region that contains the epiphyseal plate
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| Proliferation zone | cartilage cells undergo mitosis
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| Osteogenic cells | mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum
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| Thyroid hormone | a hormone that modulates the activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper bone formation
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| Hydroxyapatite | mineral salts; largely calcium phosphates present as tiny, tightly packed, needlelike crystals in and around collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix
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| Perichondrium | fibrous, connective-tissue membrane covering the external surface of cartilaginous structures
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| Osteomalacia | disorder in which bones are inadequately mineralized; soft bones
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| Periosteum | double layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
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| Osteon | system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system
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| Cartilage | one of the four types of connective tissue; avascular and not innervated
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| Sesamoid bones | short bones embedded in tendons, variable in size and number, many of which influence the action of muscles; largest is the patella
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| Central (Haversian) canal | the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of osteocytes
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| Endochondral ossification | embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process.
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| Trabeculae | strut or thin plate of bone in spongy bone
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| Interstitial lamellae | incomplete lamellae that lie between intact osteons, filling gaps between formed osteons, or representing the remnants of an osteon that has been cut through by bone remodeling
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| Osteoporosis | decreased density and strength of bone resulting from a gradual decrease in rate of bone formation
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| Osteocyte | mature bone cell
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| Hyaline cartilage | the most abundant cartilage type in the body; provides firm support with some pliability; costal, laryngeal, articular, nasal
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| Endochondral bone | bone formed by using hyaline cartilage structures as models for ossification.
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| Epiphyseal plate | plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of long bone
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| Perforating canals | canals that run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum to those of the central and medullary cavity. (Volkmann's canals)
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| Fibrocartilage | the most comprehensible type of cartilage; resistant to stretch. Forms intervertebral discs and minisci.
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| Osteogenesis | the process of bone formation; also called ossification
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| Diploe | the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
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| Elastic cartilage | cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; external ear & epiglottis
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| Medullary cavity | central cavity of a long bone. Contains yellow or red marrow.
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| Spongy bone | internal layer of skeletal bone; also called cancellous bone
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| Bone resorption | the removal of osseous tissue; part of the continuous bone remodeling process.
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| Osteoclasts | large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
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| Appositional growth | cells secrete matrix on outside of existing cartilage
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| Lamella | a layer, such as of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone
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| Endosteum | connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces.
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| Lacuna | a small space, cavity, or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells
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| Osteoid | unmineralized bone matrix
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| Appendicular | relating to the limbs and girdles
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| Articulation | the junction of two or more bones
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| Fossa | a depression, often an articular surface
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| Bone remodeling | process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors.
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| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells
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| Epiphysis | ends of long bones, attached to the shaft
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| Diaphysis | tubular shaft of long bone
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| Foramen | hole or opening in a bone or between body cavities
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