Nervous System
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| What are the three basic parts of the nervous system? | brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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| What is the most complex of any of the body's systems? | Nervous system
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| What is the role of the endocrine system? | employs chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with cells.
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| How does the nervous system work? | Uses electrical signals to transmit messages at lightning speed.
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| What are the three essential roles of the Nervous System? | Sensation, integration, and response
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| what are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? | Central Nervous System(CNS) and Peripheral nervous system(PNS)
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| What does the CNS consist of? | Brain and spinal cord
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| What does the PNS consist of? | the nerve network throughout the body.
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| What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system | sensory peripheral and motor peripheral
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| PNS: What does the sensory (afferent) division do | carries signals from nerve ending to CNS
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| What does the Motor (efferent) division do? | transmits information from CNS to rest of the body
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| what does the Somatic sensory (external) do? | carries signals from skin, bones, joints, and muscles.
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| what does Visceral sensory (internal) do? | carries signals from viscera of heart, lungs, stomach, and bladder.
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| what does somatic motor (voluntary) do? | allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
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| What does autonomic motor (involuntary) do? | provides automatic activities such as control of blood pressure and heart rate
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| What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor do? | arouses body for action
fight or flight.
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| what does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor do? | calming effect
"the rest and digest"
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| what are the two types of cell that make up the nervous system? | neurons and neuroglia.
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| What are neurons? | excitable, impulse-conducting cell that perform the work of the nervous system.
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| What are neuroglia? | supportive cells of the nervous system.
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| What do neuroglia do? | protect and enhance the function of neurons.
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| What protects the tail of a neuron? | Myelin
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| What is Cerebrospinal Fluid made of? | mainly glucose.
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| How many Glial cells make up each neuron? | 50
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| Where are Schwann cells found? | PNS
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| Where are Oligodendrocytes, ependymal, microglia, and astrocytes found? | CNS
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| What is the function of Oligodendrocytes? | forms the myelin Sheath in the brain and spinal cord; speed signal conduction
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| What is the function of Ependymal Cells and where are they located? | lines the spinal cord and cavities of the brain.
Some secrete cerebrospinal fluid
others have cilia that aid fluid circulation
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| what are the functions of microglia | performing phagocytosis by breaking down infection, engulfing microorganisms, and cellular debris.
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| What is the function of Astrocytes? | nourishing neurons, help form the blood brain barrier, attach neurons to blood vessels, and provide structural support.
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| What are the role and function of Schwann cells? | form the myelin sheath around nerves in PNS, and form neurilemma.
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| What is the Blood Brain Barrier? | A semi permeable membrane that allows small molecules to come through and reach the brain.
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| What forms the Blood Brain Barrier? | Neuroglia wrapped around capillaries.
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| what does the BBB Protect against? | foreign substances
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| What are the two main chemical that cross the BBB? | Alcohol and Nicotine
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| What do Neurons do? | Handle communication between the brain and the rest of the body and vice versa.
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| What are the 3 classes of Neurons? | Sensory (afferent) neurons, interneurons, Motor (efferent) neurons
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| What do sensory (afferent) neurons do? | Detect stimuli: taste, pressure, hot, cold
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| What do Interneurons do? | connects the incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways.
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| What do Motor (efferent) Neurons do? | relay messages causing response.
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| What is proprioception? | Being aware of where the body is in the universe.
IE: walking up a hill, you begin to hunch; motion sickness.
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| What are the structures of a neuron? | cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier, and synaptic knobs.
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| What is the Cell body? | the control center of the neuron
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| Where is the nucleus of a neuron housed? | Cell body
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| What is the role of dendrites? | receive signals from other neurons and conduct the info into the cell body.
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| What is the role of an axon? | carries nerve signals away from the cell body.
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| How many axons do nerve cells have? | one
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| What is the Myelin Sheath? | Encases the axon of a neuron.
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| what is the myelin sheath made up of? | mostly lipid.
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| What are the nodes of ranvier? | Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur in evenly spaced intervals.
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| What are the synaptic knobs? | the terminal end of each axon.
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| What is an alternate name for the cell body? | soma
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| What is neurilemma? | the outlayer of the myelin sheath
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| what does neurilemma do? | Helps to regenerate nerves?
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| What is the longest axon in the body? | sciatic nerve.
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| what is the space called between two synapses or neurons? | Synaptic Gap
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| What is the difference between CNS and PNS? | CNS has no generation
PNS does have the ability to regenerate
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| What does saltatory conduction mean? | jumping conduction
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| what is saltatory conduction? | movement of action potential on the nodes of ranvier (way it travels down the axon)
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| Where are chemicals stored? | synaptic knob
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| Are all nerve fibers myelinated? | no
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| What helps speed impulse conduction? | Myelin
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| Unmyelinated fibers conduct nerve impulses more ____________. | slowly.
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| What function do unmyelinated nerve fibers perform? | function where speed isnt essential.
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| When is myelin fully developed? | adulthood
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| when do nerve cells begin to myelinate | 14 weeks gestation
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| What is the neurileems most essential for? | regenerating injured nerves
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| What are impulse conductions caused by? | electrical current or flow of charges particles.
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| what is membrane potential? | when ions with opposite electrical charges are separated by a membrane.
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| What is polarization? | when a membrane has an excess of positive ions on one side and an excess of negative ions on the others.
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| What is na+? | Sodium
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| What is K+ | Potassium
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| What is resting potential? | inside of cell is negatively charged and has a high k+ content and the outside of the cell is positively charged and has high na+ content.
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| What is depolarization? | A stimulus activates the membrane and the pores of the membrane open and sodium rushes in
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| What is the stage when a neuron is resting but it has the potential to react if a stimulus comes along | resting potential.
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| When the interior changes from negative to positive, this is called_______________ | depolarization.
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| Switching positive and negative | depolarize.
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| Action potential | if the stimulus is strong enough, the neuron becomes active and the impulse continues down the axon
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| what is the "hopping pattern" called? | Saltatory conduction
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| What is repolarization? | the abundance of NA in the cell forces K to leave the cell
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| Refractory period | NA and K are on the wrong sides of the cell and the neuron can not respond to new stimulus.
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| When does the Na-K pump activate to restore resting potential (homeostasis) | refractory period
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| Is saltatory conduction faster in adults or children | adults
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| What is another name for action potential? | Nerve impulse
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| Where is the neurotransmitter and ACH stored | synapses
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| What part of the nervous system is the spinal cord | CNS
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| how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31
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| what is a plexus? | bundle of spinal nerves
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| Cauda Equina | a bundle of nerve roots that extend from the end of a spinal cord
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| Where are spinal injections done | Cauda Equina
between L3 and L4
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| What do spinal nerves in the cervical region control? | chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm
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| What do spinal nerves in the thoracic region control? | intercostal muscles of the ribcage, the abdominal muscles and the back muscles
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| What do spinal nerves in the lumbar region control? | lower abdominal wall and parts of the thighs and legs.
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| What do spinal nerves in the sacral region control? | thighs, buttocks, skin of the legs and feet, and anal and genital regions.
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| what is a dermatome? | each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin.
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| What do shingles follow? | a nerve tract
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| What does the Frenic spinal nerve control? | works and controls the diaphragm
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| what are the 3 structures of the spinal cord | tracts, central canal, and epidural space
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| where does cerebrospinal fluid go? | circulates through the brain and spinal cord
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| Dura | outer layer of the spine and brain
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| where do spinal motor nerves send to? | only to muscle
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| where do spinal sensory nerves send to? | from tissue to brain
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| what are muscle fibers called? | fascicle
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| what are nerve bundles called? | fascicle
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| Plexus? | bundle of nerves
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| what do spinal nerves do? | relay information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body.
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| what is the larges nerve in the body? | Sciatic Nerve-
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| How many spinal nerves are located in the cervical part? | 8
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| How many spinal nerves are located in the thoracic part? | 12
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| How many spinal nerves are located in the lumbar part? | 5
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| How many spinal nerves are located in the sacral part? | 5
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| How many spinal nerves are located in the coccygeal part? | 1
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| What is a dermatome? | each spinal nerves (except C1) innervates a specific area of the skin.
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| What does the phrenic nerve do? | innervates the diaphragm for breathing.
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| what is the area called that employs a neural circuit | reflex arc
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| What are the four major regions of the brain? | cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem
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| What is the largest portion of the brain? | cerebrum
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| What is a gyri (gyrus) | thick ridges on the the surface of the brain
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| What is a Sulci (sulcus) | shallow grooves that divide the gyri.
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| What are fissures | deep sulci
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| What do fissures divide? | the hemispheres.
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| What region of the brain control temperature? | diencephalon
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| What are the three structures of the brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| a deep groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemipheres | longitudinal fissure
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| a thick bundle of nerves that runs along the bottom of the fussure that serves to connect the two hemispheres | corpus callosum
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| where is the diencephalon located? | in the center of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain
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| What control blood pressure, respiratory, and heartrate? | brainstem
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| What is another name for midbrain | medulla
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| what is contraladeral | the right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body
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| What is meningitis? | infection of the meninges
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| What does dura mean | hard
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| what does Pia mean | foot or bottom
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| What is the outer layer of the brain | dura mater
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| what is the middle layer of the brain | arachnoid mater
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| What is the inside layer of the brain located against the cerebral cortex | pia mater
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| what is the space called that separates the dura from the arachnoid mater | subdural space
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| What are the four chambers of the brain called | ventricles
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| Where is CSF formed from blood? | choroid plexus
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| what is the choroid plexus? | a network of blood vessels lining the floor and wall of each ventricle
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| what is contained in CSF | glucose and protein
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| where is the visual cortex located? | midbrain
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| what part of the brain stem has cluster of neurons integral to muscle control? | midbrain
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| what does the mid brain contain | tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses
centers for auditory and visual reflexes
clusters of neurons integral to muscle control
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| Pons | contains tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain
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| what attaches the brain and the spinal cord | medulla oblongata
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| what is the medulla oblongata responsible for? | regulating heart rate, affects blood pressure, and regulate breathing.
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| what is cerebellar disfunction | poor gait, poor impulse control, tremors.
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| what is the role of the cerebellum | voluntary muscle control, processing messages, movements, balance, coordination
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| where are most neurons in the brain located | cerebellum
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| vagus response | straining while begin active and having a reaction ie...passing out
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| What resides on top of the brainstem | thalamus
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| what is the gateway for nearly every sensory impulse that also filters impulse and transmits some to cerebral cortex | thalamus
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| what influences almost all of the organ systems | hypothalamus
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| hypothalamus control the ___________ nervous system | autonomic
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| regulates the pituitary gland | hypothalamus
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| what makes up the cerebrum | white and gray tissue
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| Where is the home of the thalamus and hypothalamus | diencephalon
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| what is the largest portion of the brain | cerebrum
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| frontal lobe | emotion and memory
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| parietal lobe | interprets bodily sensations, touch, temp, proprioception
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| temporal lobe | governs hearing, smell, learning, behavior, visual recognition
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| occipital lobe | concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual info
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| what plays a role in perception, motor control, self awareness, and cognitive function | insula
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| where does thinking occur | inside the cerebellum
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| what is the bridge between the brain hemipheres that allows the two to communicate back and forth | corpus callosum
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| what is white matter | myelinated tissue that makes up the bulk of the brain
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| what is gray matter | unmyelined; makes up the surface of the cerebrum
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| encircles the corpus collosum and the thalamus | limbic system.
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| hippocampus | converts short-term memory into long term memory
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| amygdala | stores and can recall emotion from past events.
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| what is the primary somatic sensory area of the brain? | postcentral gyrus
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| what area allows us to pinpoint the location of pain and identify texture | somatic sensory association area
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| Motor association located in the frontal lobe | determine which movements are required for a specific task
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| where is the visual cortex located and what does it do? | occipital lobs
it is stimulated by written language
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| a person has difficulty understanding spoken words | receptive aphasia
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| words that are trying to be said will not be spoken. | expressive aphasia
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| primary motor cortex | sends impulses to the muscles necessary to pronounce the word
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| auditory association area | gives us the ability to recognize familiar sounds
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| primary auditory complex | responsible for hearing
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| primary gustatory complex | handles the interpretation and sensation of taste
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| recognizes familiar objects and interprets the information acquired through the primary visual cortex | visual association area
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| responsible for sight | primary visual cortex
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| association | recognizes familiarity
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| olfactory location | frontal lobe, sense of smell
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| auditory location | temporal lobe
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| left side of the brain | language, analytic thought
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| right side of the brain | big picture, emotion, imagination, art and music
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| CNI | olfactory
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| CNII | optic
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| CNIII | oculomotor
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| CNIV | trochlear
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| CNV | trigeninal
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| aphagia | difficulty swallowing
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| aphasia | without speech; difficulty swallowing
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| CNVI | abducens
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| CNVII | facial
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| CNVIII | auditory
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| CNIX | glossopharyngeal
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| CNX | vagus
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| CNXI | spinal accessory
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| CNXII | hypoglossal
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| regulates activities that maintain homeostasis | autonomic nervous system
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| sends impulses to cardiac and smooth digestive muscles | autonomic nervous system
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| sends impulses to cardiac and smooth digestive muscles | autonomic nervous system
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| autonomic nervous system | visceral motor system
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| autonomic nervous system | visceral motor system
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| location of adrenal glands | sits on top of kidney
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| location of adrenal glands | sits on top of kidney
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| what are 2 catacolamines | epinephrine and norepinepherine
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| what are 2 catacolamines | epinephrine and norepinepherine
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| On Old Olympus Towering Top A Friendly Viking Grew Vines And Hops | olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
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| On Old Olympus Towering Top A Friendly Viking Grew Vines And Hops | olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
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| secretes acetylcholine (ACH) | cholinergic fibers
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| secretes acetylcholine (ACH) | cholinergic fibers
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| secrete norepinephrine | adrenergic fibers
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| secrete norepinephrine | adrenergic fibers
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| nicotinic receptors | are excited by ACH/receives ACH
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| nicotinic receptors | are excited by ACH/receives ACH
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| muscarinic receptors | dumping of adrenaline and produce a variable response
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| muscarinic receptors | dumping of adrenaline and produce a variable response
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| tissue response to a neurochemical depends on? | receptor site and type of reaction
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| tissue response to a neurochemical depends on? | receptor site and type of reaction
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| responds to norepinephrine | adrenergic receptors
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| alpha-adrenergic receptors | vessels constrict/ excited by norepinephrine
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| beta-adrenergic | inhibited by Norepinephrine/ vessels dilate
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| neurotransmitter of adrenergic receptors | epinepherine and norepinephrine
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| neurotransmitter of adrenergic receptors | epinepherine and norepinephrine
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