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A&P Chapter 10
Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the three basic parts of the nervous system? | brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| What is the most complex of any of the body's systems? | Nervous system |
| What is the role of the endocrine system? | employs chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with cells. |
| How does the nervous system work? | Uses electrical signals to transmit messages at lightning speed. |
| What are the three essential roles of the Nervous System? | Sensation, integration, and response |
| what are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? | Central Nervous System(CNS) and Peripheral nervous system(PNS) |
| What does the CNS consist of? | Brain and spinal cord |
| What does the PNS consist of? | the nerve network throughout the body. |
| What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system | sensory peripheral and motor peripheral |
| PNS: What does the sensory (afferent) division do | carries signals from nerve ending to CNS |
| What does the Motor (efferent) division do? | transmits information from CNS to rest of the body |
| what does the Somatic sensory (external) do? | carries signals from skin, bones, joints, and muscles. |
| what does Visceral sensory (internal) do? | carries signals from viscera of heart, lungs, stomach, and bladder. |
| what does somatic motor (voluntary) do? | allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. |
| What does autonomic motor (involuntary) do? | provides automatic activities such as control of blood pressure and heart rate |
| What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor do? | arouses body for action fight or flight. |
| what does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor do? | calming effect "the rest and digest" |
| what are the two types of cell that make up the nervous system? | neurons and neuroglia. |
| What are neurons? | excitable, impulse-conducting cell that perform the work of the nervous system. |
| What are neuroglia? | supportive cells of the nervous system. |
| What do neuroglia do? | protect and enhance the function of neurons. |
| What protects the tail of a neuron? | Myelin |
| What is Cerebrospinal Fluid made of? | mainly glucose. |
| How many Glial cells make up each neuron? | 50 |
| Where are Schwann cells found? | PNS |
| Where are Oligodendrocytes, ependymal, microglia, and astrocytes found? | CNS |
| What is the function of Oligodendrocytes? | forms the myelin Sheath in the brain and spinal cord; speed signal conduction |
| What is the function of Ependymal Cells and where are they located? | lines the spinal cord and cavities of the brain. Some secrete cerebrospinal fluid others have cilia that aid fluid circulation |
| what are the functions of microglia | performing phagocytosis by breaking down infection, engulfing microorganisms, and cellular debris. |
| What is the function of Astrocytes? | nourishing neurons, help form the blood brain barrier, attach neurons to blood vessels, and provide structural support. |
| What are the role and function of Schwann cells? | form the myelin sheath around nerves in PNS, and form neurilemma. |
| What is the Blood Brain Barrier? | A semi permeable membrane that allows small molecules to come through and reach the brain. |
| What forms the Blood Brain Barrier? | Neuroglia wrapped around capillaries. |
| what does the BBB Protect against? | foreign substances |
| What are the two main chemical that cross the BBB? | Alcohol and Nicotine |
| What do Neurons do? | Handle communication between the brain and the rest of the body and vice versa. |
| What are the 3 classes of Neurons? | Sensory (afferent) neurons, interneurons, Motor (efferent) neurons |
| What do sensory (afferent) neurons do? | Detect stimuli: taste, pressure, hot, cold |
| What do Interneurons do? | connects the incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways. |
| What do Motor (efferent) Neurons do? | relay messages causing response. |
| What is proprioception? | Being aware of where the body is in the universe. IE: walking up a hill, you begin to hunch; motion sickness. |
| What are the structures of a neuron? | cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier, and synaptic knobs. |
| What is the Cell body? | the control center of the neuron |
| Where is the nucleus of a neuron housed? | Cell body |
| What is the role of dendrites? | receive signals from other neurons and conduct the info into the cell body. |
| What is the role of an axon? | carries nerve signals away from the cell body. |
| How many axons do nerve cells have? | one |
| What is the Myelin Sheath? | Encases the axon of a neuron. |
| what is the myelin sheath made up of? | mostly lipid. |
| What are the nodes of ranvier? | Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur in evenly spaced intervals. |
| What are the synaptic knobs? | the terminal end of each axon. |
| What is an alternate name for the cell body? | soma |
| What is neurilemma? | the outlayer of the myelin sheath |
| what does neurilemma do? | Helps to regenerate nerves? |
| What is the longest axon in the body? | sciatic nerve. |
| what is the space called between two synapses or neurons? | Synaptic Gap |
| What is the difference between CNS and PNS? | CNS has no generation PNS does have the ability to regenerate |
| What does saltatory conduction mean? | jumping conduction |
| what is saltatory conduction? | movement of action potential on the nodes of ranvier (way it travels down the axon) |
| Where are chemicals stored? | synaptic knob |
| Are all nerve fibers myelinated? | no |
| What helps speed impulse conduction? | Myelin |
| Unmyelinated fibers conduct nerve impulses more ____________. | slowly. |
| What function do unmyelinated nerve fibers perform? | function where speed isnt essential. |
| When is myelin fully developed? | adulthood |
| when do nerve cells begin to myelinate | 14 weeks gestation |
| What is the neurileems most essential for? | regenerating injured nerves |
| What are impulse conductions caused by? | electrical current or flow of charges particles. |
| what is membrane potential? | when ions with opposite electrical charges are separated by a membrane. |
| What is polarization? | when a membrane has an excess of positive ions on one side and an excess of negative ions on the others. |
| What is na+? | Sodium |
| What is K+ | Potassium |
| What is resting potential? | inside of cell is negatively charged and has a high k+ content and the outside of the cell is positively charged and has high na+ content. |
| What is depolarization? | A stimulus activates the membrane and the pores of the membrane open and sodium rushes in |
| What is the stage when a neuron is resting but it has the potential to react if a stimulus comes along | resting potential. |
| When the interior changes from negative to positive, this is called_______________ | depolarization. |
| Switching positive and negative | depolarize. |
| Action potential | if the stimulus is strong enough, the neuron becomes active and the impulse continues down the axon |
| what is the "hopping pattern" called? | Saltatory conduction |
| What is repolarization? | the abundance of NA in the cell forces K to leave the cell |
| Refractory period | NA and K are on the wrong sides of the cell and the neuron can not respond to new stimulus. |
| When does the Na-K pump activate to restore resting potential (homeostasis) | refractory period |
| Is saltatory conduction faster in adults or children | adults |
| What is another name for action potential? | Nerve impulse |
| Where is the neurotransmitter and ACH stored | synapses |
| What part of the nervous system is the spinal cord | CNS |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| what is a plexus? | bundle of spinal nerves |
| Cauda Equina | a bundle of nerve roots that extend from the end of a spinal cord |
| Where are spinal injections done | Cauda Equina between L3 and L4 |
| What do spinal nerves in the cervical region control? | chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm |
| What do spinal nerves in the thoracic region control? | intercostal muscles of the ribcage, the abdominal muscles and the back muscles |
| What do spinal nerves in the lumbar region control? | lower abdominal wall and parts of the thighs and legs. |
| What do spinal nerves in the sacral region control? | thighs, buttocks, skin of the legs and feet, and anal and genital regions. |
| what is a dermatome? | each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin. |
| What do shingles follow? | a nerve tract |
| What does the Frenic spinal nerve control? | works and controls the diaphragm |
| what are the 3 structures of the spinal cord | tracts, central canal, and epidural space |
| where does cerebrospinal fluid go? | circulates through the brain and spinal cord |
| Dura | outer layer of the spine and brain |
| where do spinal motor nerves send to? | only to muscle |
| where do spinal sensory nerves send to? | from tissue to brain |
| what are muscle fibers called? | fascicle |
| what are nerve bundles called? | fascicle |
| Plexus? | bundle of nerves |
| what do spinal nerves do? | relay information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body. |
| what is the larges nerve in the body? | Sciatic Nerve- |
| How many spinal nerves are located in the cervical part? | 8 |
| How many spinal nerves are located in the thoracic part? | 12 |
| How many spinal nerves are located in the lumbar part? | 5 |
| How many spinal nerves are located in the sacral part? | 5 |
| How many spinal nerves are located in the coccygeal part? | 1 |
| What is a dermatome? | each spinal nerves (except C1) innervates a specific area of the skin. |
| What does the phrenic nerve do? | innervates the diaphragm for breathing. |
| what is the area called that employs a neural circuit | reflex arc |
| What are the four major regions of the brain? | cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem |
| What is the largest portion of the brain? | cerebrum |
| What is a gyri (gyrus) | thick ridges on the the surface of the brain |
| What is a Sulci (sulcus) | shallow grooves that divide the gyri. |
| What are fissures | deep sulci |
| What do fissures divide? | the hemispheres. |
| What region of the brain control temperature? | diencephalon |
| What are the three structures of the brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| a deep groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemipheres | longitudinal fissure |
| a thick bundle of nerves that runs along the bottom of the fussure that serves to connect the two hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| where is the diencephalon located? | in the center of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain |
| What control blood pressure, respiratory, and heartrate? | brainstem |
| What is another name for midbrain | medulla |
| what is contraladeral | the right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body |
| What is meningitis? | infection of the meninges |
| What does dura mean | hard |
| what does Pia mean | foot or bottom |
| What is the outer layer of the brain | dura mater |
| what is the middle layer of the brain | arachnoid mater |
| What is the inside layer of the brain located against the cerebral cortex | pia mater |
| what is the space called that separates the dura from the arachnoid mater | subdural space |
| What are the four chambers of the brain called | ventricles |
| Where is CSF formed from blood? | choroid plexus |
| what is the choroid plexus? | a network of blood vessels lining the floor and wall of each ventricle |
| what is contained in CSF | glucose and protein |
| where is the visual cortex located? | midbrain |
| what part of the brain stem has cluster of neurons integral to muscle control? | midbrain |
| what does the mid brain contain | tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses centers for auditory and visual reflexes clusters of neurons integral to muscle control |
| Pons | contains tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain |
| what attaches the brain and the spinal cord | medulla oblongata |
| what is the medulla oblongata responsible for? | regulating heart rate, affects blood pressure, and regulate breathing. |
| what is cerebellar disfunction | poor gait, poor impulse control, tremors. |
| what is the role of the cerebellum | voluntary muscle control, processing messages, movements, balance, coordination |
| where are most neurons in the brain located | cerebellum |
| vagus response | straining while begin active and having a reaction ie...passing out |
| What resides on top of the brainstem | thalamus |
| what is the gateway for nearly every sensory impulse that also filters impulse and transmits some to cerebral cortex | thalamus |
| what influences almost all of the organ systems | hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus control the ___________ nervous system | autonomic |
| regulates the pituitary gland | hypothalamus |
| what makes up the cerebrum | white and gray tissue |
| Where is the home of the thalamus and hypothalamus | diencephalon |
| what is the largest portion of the brain | cerebrum |
| frontal lobe | emotion and memory |
| parietal lobe | interprets bodily sensations, touch, temp, proprioception |
| temporal lobe | governs hearing, smell, learning, behavior, visual recognition |
| occipital lobe | concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual info |
| what plays a role in perception, motor control, self awareness, and cognitive function | insula |
| where does thinking occur | inside the cerebellum |
| what is the bridge between the brain hemipheres that allows the two to communicate back and forth | corpus callosum |
| what is white matter | myelinated tissue that makes up the bulk of the brain |
| what is gray matter | unmyelined; makes up the surface of the cerebrum |
| encircles the corpus collosum and the thalamus | limbic system. |
| hippocampus | converts short-term memory into long term memory |
| amygdala | stores and can recall emotion from past events. |
| what is the primary somatic sensory area of the brain? | postcentral gyrus |
| what area allows us to pinpoint the location of pain and identify texture | somatic sensory association area |
| Motor association located in the frontal lobe | determine which movements are required for a specific task |
| where is the visual cortex located and what does it do? | occipital lobs it is stimulated by written language |
| a person has difficulty understanding spoken words | receptive aphasia |
| words that are trying to be said will not be spoken. | expressive aphasia |
| primary motor cortex | sends impulses to the muscles necessary to pronounce the word |
| auditory association area | gives us the ability to recognize familiar sounds |
| primary auditory complex | responsible for hearing |
| primary gustatory complex | handles the interpretation and sensation of taste |
| recognizes familiar objects and interprets the information acquired through the primary visual cortex | visual association area |
| responsible for sight | primary visual cortex |
| association | recognizes familiarity |
| olfactory location | frontal lobe, sense of smell |
| auditory location | temporal lobe |
| left side of the brain | language, analytic thought |
| right side of the brain | big picture, emotion, imagination, art and music |
| CNI | olfactory |
| CNII | optic |
| CNIII | oculomotor |
| CNIV | trochlear |
| CNV | trigeninal |
| aphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| aphasia | without speech; difficulty swallowing |
| CNVI | abducens |
| CNVII | facial |
| CNVIII | auditory |
| CNIX | glossopharyngeal |
| CNX | vagus |
| CNXI | spinal accessory |
| CNXII | hypoglossal |
| regulates activities that maintain homeostasis | autonomic nervous system |
| sends impulses to cardiac and smooth digestive muscles | autonomic nervous system |
| sends impulses to cardiac and smooth digestive muscles | autonomic nervous system |
| autonomic nervous system | visceral motor system |
| autonomic nervous system | visceral motor system |
| location of adrenal glands | sits on top of kidney |
| location of adrenal glands | sits on top of kidney |
| what are 2 catacolamines | epinephrine and norepinepherine |
| what are 2 catacolamines | epinephrine and norepinepherine |
| On Old Olympus Towering Top A Friendly Viking Grew Vines And Hops | olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal |
| On Old Olympus Towering Top A Friendly Viking Grew Vines And Hops | olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal |
| secretes acetylcholine (ACH) | cholinergic fibers |
| secretes acetylcholine (ACH) | cholinergic fibers |
| secrete norepinephrine | adrenergic fibers |
| secrete norepinephrine | adrenergic fibers |
| nicotinic receptors | are excited by ACH/receives ACH |
| nicotinic receptors | are excited by ACH/receives ACH |
| muscarinic receptors | dumping of adrenaline and produce a variable response |
| muscarinic receptors | dumping of adrenaline and produce a variable response |
| tissue response to a neurochemical depends on? | receptor site and type of reaction |
| tissue response to a neurochemical depends on? | receptor site and type of reaction |
| responds to norepinephrine | adrenergic receptors |
| alpha-adrenergic receptors | vessels constrict/ excited by norepinephrine |
| beta-adrenergic | inhibited by Norepinephrine/ vessels dilate |
| neurotransmitter of adrenergic receptors | epinepherine and norepinephrine |
| neurotransmitter of adrenergic receptors | epinepherine and norepinephrine |
Created by:
jordan baldwin
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