Mr. G’s Nervous System
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| Nervous System | a complex, highly organized system that monitors, regulates, and coordinates all activities outside the body.
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| Neuron | basic structural unit of the nervous system; consists of a cell body, a nucleus, dendrites, and an axon
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| Dendrites | nerve fibers; receive messages from other neurons and carries these impulses toward the cell body; short with many branches
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| Axon | single nerve fiber; conveys messages away from the cell body to other neurons or to muscle or gland cells; longer and branchless;
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| Synapse | spaces between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another
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| Impulses | signals coming from one axon 'jump' the synapse to get to the dendrite of another neuron
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| Myelin Sheath | lipid covering on an axon; increase the rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains the axon
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| Neurotransmitters | special chemicals located at the end of each axon allowing the nerve impulses to pass from one neuron to another
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| Nerve Impulse | information is conveyed as nerve impulses or action potentials; .1 volts in strength and last 1 millisecond
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| Afferent (sensory nerves) | carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord
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| Efferent (motor nerves) | carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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| 2 divisions of the nervous system | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System | cranial and spinal nerves
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| 2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System | somatic and autonomic
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| Somatic Nervous System | carries message between the CNS and the body
-12 pair of cranial nerves,
-31 pair of spinal nerves,
-8 cervical nerves,
-12 thoracic nerves,
-5 lumbar nerves,
-sacral nerves and
-1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves
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| Autonomic Nervous System | contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems- they work together to control involuntary body functions
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| 6 main parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| Cerebrum | The largest and highest portion of the brain, partly divided into right and left hemispheres, cerebral cortex arranged in folds or patterns of fissures into 4 lobes
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| 4 lobes of the Cerebrum | frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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| Frontal Lobe | base for speech production, problem solving, judgment, movement initiation, smell, and aspects of 'personality'
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| Parietal Lobe | comprehension and bodily sensations are perceived
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| Temporal Lobe | recognition of sounds
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| Occipital Lobe | analyzing and interpreting visual information
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| Cerebellum | hindbrain or little brain; located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum, Assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles, maintain balance, posture and muscle tone
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| Diencephalon | Between cerebrum and midbrain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus
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| Thalamus | monitors incoming sensory information and relays it to the cortex
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| Hypothalamus | regulates and controls the autonomic nervous system, appetite, water balance, sleep, emotions
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| Midbrain | below the cerebrum at the top of the brainstem; responsible for conducting impulses between the brain parts and certain eyes and auditory reflexes
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| Pons | section below the midbrain and in the brainstem; responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain; chewing, tasting, and saliva production; respiration
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| Medulla Oblongata | lowest part of brainstem; connects w/ the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing and blood pressure
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| Three layers protect the brain and spinal cord | dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater
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| Dura Mater | thick, tough, outer layer
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| Arachnoid Membrane | delicate, weblike middle layer
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| Pia Mater | innermost layer; contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue
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| Ventricles | 4 hollow spaces within the cerebrum under the arachnoid membrane that contains cerebral spinal fluid
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| Cerebral Spinal Fluid | clear, colorless fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord form shock; contains proteins and glucose that provide energy and lymphocytes that protect against infection
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | prepares body to act in times of emergency; increases heat rate, respiration, blood pressure and slows digestion
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | after the emergency, counteracts SNS, slows heart rate, decreases respiration, lowers BP, and increases digestion
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| hydrocephalus | born with it (born premature), caused by over production of cerebrospinal fluid, large head, brain damage, pain, death, to treat: shunt inside brain and tube installed
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| meningitis | caused by a virus/bacteria, spread by casual contact, symptoms: headache, fever, stiff neck, inflamed meninges, rash, to treat (bacterial): prevention (vaccine), antibiotics...serious/deadly, (viral): manage symptoms
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| multiple sclerosis | auto-immune disorder, body produces antibodies to myelin sheath, symptoms: pain, lose motor function, numbness, muscle weakness, chronic, progressive, terminal, treat symptoms
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| epilepsy | diagnosed early on, born with it, seizure disorder (grand mal or petite mal), brain damage, control with medicine, surgery
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| Parkinson's disease | not enough dopamine being made or received, symptoms: shuffling gate, spastic/ random movements, involuntary muscle movement, to treat: medication to encourage release of doamine...ages 65 and up
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| Alzheimer's disease | caused by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, deteriorates brain, dementia, lost ability speaking, can't recognize people, forgetfulness, confusion, progressive (5-10 yrs), terminal, manage symptoms (antibiotics)...ages 50 and up
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