Nervous system: combining forms, prefixes, suffixes, pathology
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| Alges/o | Excessive sensitivity to pain
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| Angi/o | Blood vessel
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| Caus/o | Burning
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| cephal/o | Head
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| Cerebell/o | Cerebellum
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| Cerebr/o | Cerebrum
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| Comat/o | Deep Sleep (Coma)
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| Crani/o | Skull
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| Cry/o | Cold
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| Dur/o | Dura Matter
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| Encephal/o | Brain
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| Esthesi/o | Feeling, Nervous sensation
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| Gli/o | Glue, parts of the nervous system that support and connect
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| Hydr/o | Water, Fluid
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| Kines/o | Movement
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| Lept/o | Thin, slender
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| Lex/o | Word or phrase
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| Mening/o, Meningi/o | Membranes, Meninges
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| My/o | Muscle
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| Myel/o | Bone marrow, Spinal Cord
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| Narc/o | Numbness; Stupor; Sleep
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| Neur/o | Nerve
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| Pont/o | Pons
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| Radicul/o | Nerve root
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| Spin/o | Spine (back bone)
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| Syncop/o | To cut off; Cut short
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| Tax/o | Order; Coordination
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| Thalam/o | Thalamus
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| Thec/o | Sheath (Refers to the meninges)
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| Troph/o | Nourishment; Development
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| Vag/o | Vagus nerve ( 10th cranial nerve)
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| a-, an- | No, Not or without
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| Dys/o | Painful; Abnormal
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| epi- | Above, Upon; On
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| hemi- | Half
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| hyper- | Above; Excessive
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| hypo- | Below; Deficient
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| intra- | Within; Into
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| micro- | Small
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| para- | Abnormal; Near
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| polio- | Grey matter ( of brain or spinal cord)
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| poly- | Many; Much
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| Quadri- | Four
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| Sub- | Under; Below
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| -algesia | Sensitivity to pain
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| -algia | Pain
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| -blast | Embryonic; Immature
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| -cele | Hernia
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| -esthesia | Nervous sensation
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| -gram | Record
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| -graphy | Process of recording
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| -ine | Pertaining to
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| -itis | Inflammation
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| -kinesia, -kinesis | Movement
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| -kinetic | Pertaining to movement
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| -lepsy | Seizure
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| -oma | Tumor; Mass; Collection
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| -ose | Full of; Pertaining to
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| -paresis | Slight paralysis ( weakness)
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| -pathy | Disease; Condition
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| -phagia | eating, swallowing
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| -plegia | Paralysis ( loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
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| -praxia | Action
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| -ptosis | Drooping; Sag; Prolapse
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| -sclerosis | Hardening
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| -sthenia | Strength
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| -tomy | Incision or Process of cutting
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| -trophy | Nourishment; Development
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| Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse | Dendrite
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| Largest part of the brain | Cerebrum
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| The outer most layer of the meninges | Dura Mater
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| Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell | Myelin sheath
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| A type of neuroglial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries | Astrocyte
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| Canals in the brain that contain Cerebrospinal fluid | Ventricles
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| The part of the brain that controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and the secretions from the pituitary glands | Hypothalamus
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| Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell | Neurotransmitter
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| Part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance | Cerebellum
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| Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cell or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells | Synapse
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| Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell | Axon
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| Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord | Brainstem
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| Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord | Cauda Equina
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| Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system | Ganglion
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| Part of the brain, just above the spinal cord that controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels | Medulla Oblongata
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| Main relay center of the brain | Thalamus
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| Sheet of nerve cells that forms a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex | Gyrus
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| Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex | Sulcus
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| Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord | Meninges
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| Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges | Pia mater
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| The combining form that means brain | Encephal/o
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| The combining form that means spinal cord | Myel/o
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| The combining form that means nerve | Neur/o
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| The combining form that means nerve root | Radicul/o
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| The combining form that means burning | Caus/o
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| The combining form that means feeling | Esthesi/o
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| The combining form that means word or phrase | Lex/o
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| The suffix that means strength | -sthenia
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| The suffix that means pain | -algia
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| The suffix that means seizure | -lepsy
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| A subdural hematoma means a collection of blood under (sub-) the ___(dur/o) | Dura Mater
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| Encephalitis is inflammation (-itis) of the ____ (encephal/o) | Brain
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| Poliomyelitis is inflammation (-itis) of the grey matter (polio-) of the ____ (myel/o) | Spinal Cord
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| Neuropathy is disease (-pathy) of _____ (neur/o) | Nerves
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| Radiculitis is inflammation (-itis) of the ______ (radicul/o) | Nerve roots
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| Neuralgia is _____ (-algia) of the nerves (neur/o) | Pain
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| Bradykinesia is slowness (brady-) of ______ (-kinesia) | Movement
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| Hemiparesis is ______ (-paresis) in either the right or left half (hemi-) of the body | Weakness
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| Ataxia is a condition of no (a-) muscular ______ (tax/o) | Coordination
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| Quadriplegia is _______ (-plegia) of all four (quadri-) limbs of the body | Paralysis
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| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain | Hydrocephalus
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| Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts | Spina bifida
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| Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive dementia, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning | AD (Alzheimer disease)
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| Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem | ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
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| Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity | Epilepsy
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| Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue | MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
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| Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles | MG (Myasthenia Gravis)
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| Disease of involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements, uncontrollable vocal sounds, and inappropriate words | Tourette syndrome
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| Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head | Cerebral contusion
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| Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke | CVA (Cerebral Vascular attack)
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| X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material | Cerebral Angiography
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| A method of treatment for myasthenia gravis | Thymectomy
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| Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells | PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
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| Recording of the electrical Activity of the brain | EEG (Electroencephalogram)
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| Samples of CSF are examined | Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
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| X- ray technique that generates multiple computerized images of the brain and spinal cord | CT scan (Computerized Tomography)
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| Magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy are used to create images of the brain and spinal cord | MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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| Use of soundwave to detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries | Doppler Ultrasound Studies
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| CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis | Lumbar Puncture
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| Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain | Stereotactic Radiosurgery
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| AD | Alzheimer Disease
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| ALS | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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| MS | Multiple Sclerosis
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| MG | Myasthenia Gravis
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| CVA | Cerebral Vascular Attack
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| CNS | Central Nervous System
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| CSF | Cerebral Spinal Fluid
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| EEG | Electroencephalogram
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| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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| ACE | Types of neurons: Afferent, Connecting, Efferent
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| Afferent Neurons | Sensory neurons; emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord
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| Anesthesia | The absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic
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| Aphasia | The loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word
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| Arachnoid Membrane | The second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater.
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| Autonomic nervous system | controls the involuntary actions of the body
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| Axon | A process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell
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| Bell's palsy | Temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes drooping only on the affected side of the face
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| Brainstem | The stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord; made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla
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| Causalgia | Persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
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| Cephalalgia | Pain in the head; Also known as headache
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| Cerebellum | The second largest part of the brain, located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum
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| Cerebral | Pertaining to the cerebrum
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| Cerebral hemispheres | The cerebrum is divided into these two parts
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| Cerebrum | The largest and uppermost portion of the brain, consisting of four lobes.
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| Cervical radiculopathy | Nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
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| Cognition | The mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
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| Coma | A deep state of unconsciousness
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| Concussion | A violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in ttemporary loss of awareness and function
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| Connecting neurons | Associative neurons which link sensory and motor neurons
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| Cranial Hematoma | A collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
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| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the undersurface of the brain
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| Dementia | A slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement.
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| Dendrites | The root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
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| Descending nerve tracts | Carry nerve impulses away from the brain
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| Dura Mater | The thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
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| Dyslexia | A learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a development reading disorder
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| Efferent neurons | Motor neurons that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands.
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| Encephalocele | A congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
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| Epidural Anesthesia | Regional Anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
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| Ganglion | A nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
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| Glial cells | Provide support and protection for neurons
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| Hemorrhagic stroke | Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed
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| Hypothalamus | (below the thalamus) contains neurons that control body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions such as fear and pleasure
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| Ischemic stroke | A type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked
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| Lobectomy | Surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cant be controlled with medication
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| Lumbar puncture | The process of obtaining a sample of CSF by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid
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| Lumbar radiculopathy | Nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by the nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk.
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| Medulla | Located at the lowest part of the brainstem, connected to the spinal cord
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| Meninges | The system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord of the CNS
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| Meningitis | An inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord
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| Meningocele | The congenital herniation of the meninges that surround the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column
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| Midbrain and pons | provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain
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| Myelin sheath | The protective covering made up of glial cells
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| Myelitis | An inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow
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| Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder consisting of recurring episodes of falling asleep during the day
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| Nerve | One or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body
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| Neurons | The basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with eachother
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| Neuroplasty | The surgical repair of a nerve or nerves
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| Neurorraphy | Surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
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| Neurotransmitter | Chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor (Acetylcholine, dopamine, endorphins, norepinephrine, serotonin)
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | Returns the body to normal after a response to stress
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| Paresthesia | refers to a burning or prickling sensation
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| PD | Parkinson's disease- A chronic degenerative central nervous disorder in which there is a progressive loss of control over movement, resulting in tremors and a shuffling gait
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord
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| Pia mater | The third layer of the meninges, located nearest to the brain and spinal cord (Delicate)
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| Plexus | A network of intersecting spinal nerves
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| Poliomyelitis | A highly contagious viral disease; also known as Polio
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| Radiculitis | an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb; also known as a pinched nerve
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| Receptors | Sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation
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| SAM | Neuron functions: Sensory neurons (afferent)
Associative neurons (connecting)
Motor neurons (Efferent)
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| Stimulus | anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse
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| Sympathetic nervous system | Prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing heart rate , breathing rate and blood flow to muscles
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| Synapse | The space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
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| Syncope | Fainting
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| Terminal end fibers | the branching of fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse
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| Thalamotomy | A surgical incision into the thalamus
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| Thalamus | Located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body
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| TIA | Transient ischemic attack- the temporary interruption in the blood supply of the brain
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| Acetycholine | chemical that influences muscle action
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| Dopamine | Released within the brain, involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease
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| Endorphins | Naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain.
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| Norepinephrine | responds to hypotension and physical stress
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| Seratonin | has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition
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| White matter | Portion of the nerve fibers that are myelinated
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| Gray matter | Portion of the nerve fiber that is unmyelinated
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| epidural space | inner surface of the vertebral column
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| subdural space | located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
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| subarachnoid space | located between the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains CSF
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| cerebral cortex | deep folds known as fissures
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| frontal lobe | controls skilled motor functions, memory , and behaviour
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| parietal lobe | receives and interprets nerve impulses from the sensory receptors in the tongue skin and muscles
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| occipital lobe | controls eyesight
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| temporal lobe | hearing, smell, ability to create, store, and access new information
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| absence seizure | Minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of
awareness of surroundings.
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| aneurysm | Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke).
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| aura | Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.
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| embolus | Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
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| gait | Manner of walking.
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| occlusion | Blockage.
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| palliative | Relieving symptoms but not curing them.
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| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida
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| ICP | intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg)
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| PCA | patient controlled anesthesia
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| Sz | seizure
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| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke
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