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Chapter 10
Nervous system: combining forms, prefixes, suffixes, pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alges/o | Excessive sensitivity to pain |
| Angi/o | Blood vessel |
| Caus/o | Burning |
| cephal/o | Head |
| Cerebell/o | Cerebellum |
| Cerebr/o | Cerebrum |
| Comat/o | Deep Sleep (Coma) |
| Crani/o | Skull |
| Cry/o | Cold |
| Dur/o | Dura Matter |
| Encephal/o | Brain |
| Esthesi/o | Feeling, Nervous sensation |
| Gli/o | Glue, parts of the nervous system that support and connect |
| Hydr/o | Water, Fluid |
| Kines/o | Movement |
| Lept/o | Thin, slender |
| Lex/o | Word or phrase |
| Mening/o, Meningi/o | Membranes, Meninges |
| My/o | Muscle |
| Myel/o | Bone marrow, Spinal Cord |
| Narc/o | Numbness; Stupor; Sleep |
| Neur/o | Nerve |
| Pont/o | Pons |
| Radicul/o | Nerve root |
| Spin/o | Spine (back bone) |
| Syncop/o | To cut off; Cut short |
| Tax/o | Order; Coordination |
| Thalam/o | Thalamus |
| Thec/o | Sheath (Refers to the meninges) |
| Troph/o | Nourishment; Development |
| Vag/o | Vagus nerve ( 10th cranial nerve) |
| a-, an- | No, Not or without |
| Dys/o | Painful; Abnormal |
| epi- | Above, Upon; On |
| hemi- | Half |
| hyper- | Above; Excessive |
| hypo- | Below; Deficient |
| intra- | Within; Into |
| micro- | Small |
| para- | Abnormal; Near |
| polio- | Grey matter ( of brain or spinal cord) |
| poly- | Many; Much |
| Quadri- | Four |
| Sub- | Under; Below |
| -algesia | Sensitivity to pain |
| -algia | Pain |
| -blast | Embryonic; Immature |
| -cele | Hernia |
| -esthesia | Nervous sensation |
| -gram | Record |
| -graphy | Process of recording |
| -ine | Pertaining to |
| -itis | Inflammation |
| -kinesia, -kinesis | Movement |
| -kinetic | Pertaining to movement |
| -lepsy | Seizure |
| -oma | Tumor; Mass; Collection |
| -ose | Full of; Pertaining to |
| -paresis | Slight paralysis ( weakness) |
| -pathy | Disease; Condition |
| -phagia | eating, swallowing |
| -plegia | Paralysis ( loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body) |
| -praxia | Action |
| -ptosis | Drooping; Sag; Prolapse |
| -sclerosis | Hardening |
| -sthenia | Strength |
| -tomy | Incision or Process of cutting |
| -trophy | Nourishment; Development |
| Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse | Dendrite |
| Largest part of the brain | Cerebrum |
| The outer most layer of the meninges | Dura Mater |
| Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell | Myelin sheath |
| A type of neuroglial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries | Astrocyte |
| Canals in the brain that contain Cerebrospinal fluid | Ventricles |
| The part of the brain that controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and the secretions from the pituitary glands | Hypothalamus |
| Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell | Neurotransmitter |
| Part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance | Cerebellum |
| Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cell or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells | Synapse |
| Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell | Axon |
| Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord | Brainstem |
| Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord | Cauda Equina |
| Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system | Ganglion |
| Part of the brain, just above the spinal cord that controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels | Medulla Oblongata |
| Main relay center of the brain | Thalamus |
| Sheet of nerve cells that forms a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex | Gyrus |
| Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex | Sulcus |
| Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord | Meninges |
| Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges | Pia mater |
| The combining form that means brain | Encephal/o |
| The combining form that means spinal cord | Myel/o |
| The combining form that means nerve | Neur/o |
| The combining form that means nerve root | Radicul/o |
| The combining form that means burning | Caus/o |
| The combining form that means feeling | Esthesi/o |
| The combining form that means word or phrase | Lex/o |
| The suffix that means strength | -sthenia |
| The suffix that means pain | -algia |
| The suffix that means seizure | -lepsy |
| A subdural hematoma means a collection of blood under (sub-) the ___(dur/o) | Dura Mater |
| Encephalitis is inflammation (-itis) of the ____ (encephal/o) | Brain |
| Poliomyelitis is inflammation (-itis) of the grey matter (polio-) of the ____ (myel/o) | Spinal Cord |
| Neuropathy is disease (-pathy) of _____ (neur/o) | Nerves |
| Radiculitis is inflammation (-itis) of the ______ (radicul/o) | Nerve roots |
| Neuralgia is _____ (-algia) of the nerves (neur/o) | Pain |
| Bradykinesia is slowness (brady-) of ______ (-kinesia) | Movement |
| Hemiparesis is ______ (-paresis) in either the right or left half (hemi-) of the body | Weakness |
| Ataxia is a condition of no (a-) muscular ______ (tax/o) | Coordination |
| Quadriplegia is _______ (-plegia) of all four (quadri-) limbs of the body | Paralysis |
| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain | Hydrocephalus |
| Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts | Spina bifida |
| Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive dementia, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning | AD (Alzheimer disease) |
| Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem | ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) |
| Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity | Epilepsy |
| Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue | MS (Multiple Sclerosis) |
| Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles | MG (Myasthenia Gravis) |
| Disease of involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements, uncontrollable vocal sounds, and inappropriate words | Tourette syndrome |
| Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head | Cerebral contusion |
| Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke | CVA (Cerebral Vascular attack) |
| X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material | Cerebral Angiography |
| A method of treatment for myasthenia gravis | Thymectomy |
| Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells | PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) |
| Recording of the electrical Activity of the brain | EEG (Electroencephalogram) |
| Samples of CSF are examined | Cerebrospinal fluid analysis |
| X- ray technique that generates multiple computerized images of the brain and spinal cord | CT scan (Computerized Tomography) |
| Magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy are used to create images of the brain and spinal cord | MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) |
| Use of soundwave to detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries | Doppler Ultrasound Studies |
| CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis | Lumbar Puncture |
| Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain | Stereotactic Radiosurgery |
| AD | Alzheimer Disease |
| ALS | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| MS | Multiple Sclerosis |
| MG | Myasthenia Gravis |
| CVA | Cerebral Vascular Attack |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| CSF | Cerebral Spinal Fluid |
| EEG | Electroencephalogram |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| ACE | Types of neurons: Afferent, Connecting, Efferent |
| Afferent Neurons | Sensory neurons; emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord |
| Anesthesia | The absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic |
| Aphasia | The loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word |
| Arachnoid Membrane | The second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater. |
| Autonomic nervous system | controls the involuntary actions of the body |
| Axon | A process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell |
| Bell's palsy | Temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes drooping only on the affected side of the face |
| Brainstem | The stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord; made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla |
| Causalgia | Persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve |
| Cephalalgia | Pain in the head; Also known as headache |
| Cerebellum | The second largest part of the brain, located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum |
| Cerebral | Pertaining to the cerebrum |
| Cerebral hemispheres | The cerebrum is divided into these two parts |
| Cerebrum | The largest and uppermost portion of the brain, consisting of four lobes. |
| Cervical radiculopathy | Nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region |
| Cognition | The mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory |
| Coma | A deep state of unconsciousness |
| Concussion | A violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in ttemporary loss of awareness and function |
| Connecting neurons | Associative neurons which link sensory and motor neurons |
| Cranial Hematoma | A collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain |
| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the undersurface of the brain |
| Dementia | A slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement. |
| Dendrites | The root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body |
| Descending nerve tracts | Carry nerve impulses away from the brain |
| Dura Mater | The thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges |
| Dyslexia | A learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a development reading disorder |
| Efferent neurons | Motor neurons that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands. |
| Encephalocele | A congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull |
| Epidural Anesthesia | Regional Anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine |
| Ganglion | A nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system |
| Glial cells | Provide support and protection for neurons |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed |
| Hypothalamus | (below the thalamus) contains neurons that control body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions such as fear and pleasure |
| Ischemic stroke | A type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked |
| Lobectomy | Surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cant be controlled with medication |
| Lumbar puncture | The process of obtaining a sample of CSF by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid |
| Lumbar radiculopathy | Nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by the nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk. |
| Medulla | Located at the lowest part of the brainstem, connected to the spinal cord |
| Meninges | The system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord of the CNS |
| Meningitis | An inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord |
| Meningocele | The congenital herniation of the meninges that surround the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column |
| Midbrain and pons | provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain |
| Myelin sheath | The protective covering made up of glial cells |
| Myelitis | An inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow |
| Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder consisting of recurring episodes of falling asleep during the day |
| Nerve | One or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body |
| Neurons | The basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with eachother |
| Neuroplasty | The surgical repair of a nerve or nerves |
| Neurorraphy | Surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor (Acetylcholine, dopamine, endorphins, norepinephrine, serotonin) |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Returns the body to normal after a response to stress |
| Paresthesia | refers to a burning or prickling sensation |
| PD | Parkinson's disease- A chronic degenerative central nervous disorder in which there is a progressive loss of control over movement, resulting in tremors and a shuffling gait |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord |
| Pia mater | The third layer of the meninges, located nearest to the brain and spinal cord (Delicate) |
| Plexus | A network of intersecting spinal nerves |
| Poliomyelitis | A highly contagious viral disease; also known as Polio |
| Radiculitis | an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb; also known as a pinched nerve |
| Receptors | Sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation |
| SAM | Neuron functions: Sensory neurons (afferent) Associative neurons (connecting) Motor neurons (Efferent) |
| Stimulus | anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing heart rate , breathing rate and blood flow to muscles |
| Synapse | The space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ |
| Syncope | Fainting |
| Terminal end fibers | the branching of fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse |
| Thalamotomy | A surgical incision into the thalamus |
| Thalamus | Located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body |
| TIA | Transient ischemic attack- the temporary interruption in the blood supply of the brain |
| Acetycholine | chemical that influences muscle action |
| Dopamine | Released within the brain, involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease |
| Endorphins | Naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain. |
| Norepinephrine | responds to hypotension and physical stress |
| Seratonin | has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition |
| White matter | Portion of the nerve fibers that are myelinated |
| Gray matter | Portion of the nerve fiber that is unmyelinated |
| epidural space | inner surface of the vertebral column |
| subdural space | located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane |
| subarachnoid space | located between the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains CSF |
| cerebral cortex | deep folds known as fissures |
| frontal lobe | controls skilled motor functions, memory , and behaviour |
| parietal lobe | receives and interprets nerve impulses from the sensory receptors in the tongue skin and muscles |
| occipital lobe | controls eyesight |
| temporal lobe | hearing, smell, ability to create, store, and access new information |
| absence seizure | Minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings. |
| aneurysm | Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke). |
| aura | Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure. |
| embolus | Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel. |
| gait | Manner of walking. |
| occlusion | Blockage. |
| palliative | Relieving symptoms but not curing them. |
| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida |
| ICP | intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg) |
| PCA | patient controlled anesthesia |
| Sz | seizure |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke |
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