Fundamentals of Neurobiology
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| plasticity | change as a consequence of prior experience and nature of experience describes nature of change
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| neurons | -basis of brain function - creates and process info - number decrease with age
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| glia | - there are a variety - the micro-environment conditions to facilitate neuron function
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| afferent | receiving
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| efferent | sending
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| amitotic | no mitosis. neurons are always in G0 except when dying which serves as memory function
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| emergence | multiple neuron connection that work together as one unit
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| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord. structures that reside within bone structure
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| peripheral nervous system | nerves
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| myelin sheath | insulates axons to prevent loss of capacitance to external environment
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| oligodendrocytes | cells that make myelin sheath in central nervous system. same type of cell as schwann
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| schwann cells | cells that make myelin sheath in peripheral nervous system. same type of cell as oligodendrocytes
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| saltatory conductance | "hopping" of action potential
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| nodes of ranvier | places without myelin sheath that create new action potential and invades next segment of myelin
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| neurotransmitters | chemicals that modulate the capacity of the circuit they are part of
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| electrical synpase | transfer of current from one neuron to another via gap junctions-connexons
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| enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters | neurotransmitters are disassembled and cannot be reassembled as a form of inactivation
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| reuptake | protein pumps pump neurotransmitters back into the neuron as a form of inactivation
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| biotransformation of neurotransmitters | neurotransmitters are transformed into inactive form which can be reactivated as a form of inactivation
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| diffusion of neurotransmitters as a form of inactivation | neurotransmitters diffuse into specific space of extracellular fluid so that they can find receptors specifically within that specific region of extracellular space
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| what is the function and location of cholinergic receptor neurotransmitters | Function: PNS- somatic and autonomic. Location: organs, muscles, pons, and basal forebrain
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| what is the function and location of catalcholenergic recepter neurotransmitters | Function: dopamine- behavior, neuroepinephrine- arousal, sleep, wakefulness. Location: dopamine- basal ganglia, mesolembic dopamine syptea VTA, midbrain, neuroepinephrine- locus colruleus
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| what is the function and location of serotinergic receptor neurotransmitters | function: mood and affect which is chronic. location: dorsal naphe
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| what is the function of NMDA and AMPA | EPSP
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| what is the function of GABAa and GABAc | IPSP
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| what is the function and location of the diffuse neuromodulating system | functions: controls everything. location: midbrain with axons extending throughout nervous system
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| anterior vs posterior | front vs back
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| dorsal vs ventral | top vs bottom
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| medial vs lateral | close to middle vs. far from middle
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| proximal vs. distal | close vs. far away
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| ipsaletal vs. contralateral | same side vs. different side
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| coronal plane | vertical plan dividing structure into anterior and posterior parts
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| sagital plan | vertical plane dividing structure into right and left halves
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| rostral vs. caudal | front vs. back
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| superior vs. inferior | top vs. bottom
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| tansverse plane | horizontal plane that divides structure into superior and inferior
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| ectoderm vs. endoderm vs. mesoderm | 1 layer vs. 2 layers vs 3 layers. single layer of cells to blastulation to gastulation
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| tripartate | spinal cord, brain, and brain stem
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| cortex | laminar organization of cells that has 6 layers. cell bodies of neurons are on surface while axons are inside. most evolved structure of the brain
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| sulcus | folding of cortex
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| gyrus | raised region of folding of cortex
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| fissure | deep folding of cortex
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| 3 different regions of the brain | cerebellum, cerebral, brain stem
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| gray matter | no myelin, mostly cell bodies,
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| nuclei of gray matter | collection of cell bodies with exact boundaries
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| substantia of gray matter | collection of cell bodies with no exact boundaries
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| locus of gray matter | highly defined boundaries that are small in number
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| ganglion of gray matter | collection of cell bodies outside of central nervous system in peripheral nervous system
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| cortex of gray matter | laminar layer of cell bodies
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| white matter | axons
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| fiber of white matter | one axon
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| bundle of white matter | collection of axons that start and end in different places but all go through a one specific region
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| tract of white matter | collection of axons that start and end at the same place and follow same pathway
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| nerves | bundles of axons in peripheral nervous system
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| commisure of white matter | bundle of axons that crosses one side of brain to other (corpus collusum)
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| frontal lobe | movement and higher thinking
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| parietal lobe | somatic sensation, integration, 3D visualization, processing
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| occiptal lobe | vision
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| temporal lobe | auditory, speech recognition, memory
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| subcortical structures | diencyphalon, basal ganglia, limbic system, reticular activate system
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| diencyphalon | most ancient part of cerebellum. includes thalamus, hypothalmus, epithalamus
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| thalamus | relays processes and segregates signals, sleep
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| hypothalamus, | visceral function, internal maintenance, endocrine system control, primitive emotions, behavior, hunger/thirst, circadian rhythm, BP, body temperature
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| epithalamus | pineal secretes melatonin and choroid plexin secretes cerebral spinal fluid
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| brain stem | include midbrain, pons, and medulla and functions in autonomic behavior
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| midbrain | lies in brain stem between pons and higher brain structures and has all the cell bodies of brain stem and connects cerebrum with inferior structures
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| pons | relays between brain structures and spinal cord and is between midbrain and medulla
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| medulla | in brain stem and is between pons and spinal cord. controls visceral motor function: cardiovasculrar- BP, heart rate, respiratory- breathing, reflexes: protective mechanisms, vomiting, yawning, hiccuping, sneezing
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| spinal cord | pathway for connections between body systems and brain and for axons (main highway)
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| cervical part of spinal cord | C1-C8 back of neck to fingertips
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| thoracical part of spinal cord | T1-T12 from calvicals to umbillicus
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| lumbar part of spinal cord | umbillicus to back of legs
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| sacral part of spinal cord | S1-S5 back of leg
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| dermatome | surface area of a specific body area that has spinal nerve integration
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| dorsal horn (posterior) | cell bodies of sensory neuron whose axons project to cord via dorsal root to brain
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| ventral horn (anterior) | cell bodies of somatic motor neurons send axons via ventral root
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| lateral horn | cell bodies for autonomic motor neurons for sympathetic nervous system that leave via ventral root (interneurons)
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| great bridge | allows crossover of brain region. left side of brain control right and right side of brain controls left
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| plexis | each region of muscle control
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