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Exam 1 Terms
Fundamentals of Neurobiology
Term | Definition |
---|---|
plasticity | change as a consequence of prior experience and nature of experience describes nature of change |
neurons | -basis of brain function - creates and process info - number decrease with age |
glia | - there are a variety - the micro-environment conditions to facilitate neuron function |
afferent | receiving |
efferent | sending |
amitotic | no mitosis. neurons are always in G0 except when dying which serves as memory function |
emergence | multiple neuron connection that work together as one unit |
central nervous system | brain and spinal cord. structures that reside within bone structure |
peripheral nervous system | nerves |
myelin sheath | insulates axons to prevent loss of capacitance to external environment |
oligodendrocytes | cells that make myelin sheath in central nervous system. same type of cell as schwann |
schwann cells | cells that make myelin sheath in peripheral nervous system. same type of cell as oligodendrocytes |
saltatory conductance | "hopping" of action potential |
nodes of ranvier | places without myelin sheath that create new action potential and invades next segment of myelin |
neurotransmitters | chemicals that modulate the capacity of the circuit they are part of |
electrical synpase | transfer of current from one neuron to another via gap junctions-connexons |
enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters | neurotransmitters are disassembled and cannot be reassembled as a form of inactivation |
reuptake | protein pumps pump neurotransmitters back into the neuron as a form of inactivation |
biotransformation of neurotransmitters | neurotransmitters are transformed into inactive form which can be reactivated as a form of inactivation |
diffusion of neurotransmitters as a form of inactivation | neurotransmitters diffuse into specific space of extracellular fluid so that they can find receptors specifically within that specific region of extracellular space |
what is the function and location of cholinergic receptor neurotransmitters | Function: PNS- somatic and autonomic. Location: organs, muscles, pons, and basal forebrain |
what is the function and location of catalcholenergic recepter neurotransmitters | Function: dopamine- behavior, neuroepinephrine- arousal, sleep, wakefulness. Location: dopamine- basal ganglia, mesolembic dopamine syptea VTA, midbrain, neuroepinephrine- locus colruleus |
what is the function and location of serotinergic receptor neurotransmitters | function: mood and affect which is chronic. location: dorsal naphe |
what is the function of NMDA and AMPA | EPSP |
what is the function of GABAa and GABAc | IPSP |
what is the function and location of the diffuse neuromodulating system | functions: controls everything. location: midbrain with axons extending throughout nervous system |
anterior vs posterior | front vs back |
dorsal vs ventral | top vs bottom |
medial vs lateral | close to middle vs. far from middle |
proximal vs. distal | close vs. far away |
ipsaletal vs. contralateral | same side vs. different side |
coronal plane | vertical plan dividing structure into anterior and posterior parts |
sagital plan | vertical plane dividing structure into right and left halves |
rostral vs. caudal | front vs. back |
superior vs. inferior | top vs. bottom |
tansverse plane | horizontal plane that divides structure into superior and inferior |
ectoderm vs. endoderm vs. mesoderm | 1 layer vs. 2 layers vs 3 layers. single layer of cells to blastulation to gastulation |
tripartate | spinal cord, brain, and brain stem |
cortex | laminar organization of cells that has 6 layers. cell bodies of neurons are on surface while axons are inside. most evolved structure of the brain |
sulcus | folding of cortex |
gyrus | raised region of folding of cortex |
fissure | deep folding of cortex |
3 different regions of the brain | cerebellum, cerebral, brain stem |
gray matter | no myelin, mostly cell bodies, |
nuclei of gray matter | collection of cell bodies with exact boundaries |
substantia of gray matter | collection of cell bodies with no exact boundaries |
locus of gray matter | highly defined boundaries that are small in number |
ganglion of gray matter | collection of cell bodies outside of central nervous system in peripheral nervous system |
cortex of gray matter | laminar layer of cell bodies |
white matter | axons |
fiber of white matter | one axon |
bundle of white matter | collection of axons that start and end in different places but all go through a one specific region |
tract of white matter | collection of axons that start and end at the same place and follow same pathway |
nerves | bundles of axons in peripheral nervous system |
commisure of white matter | bundle of axons that crosses one side of brain to other (corpus collusum) |
frontal lobe | movement and higher thinking |
parietal lobe | somatic sensation, integration, 3D visualization, processing |
occiptal lobe | vision |
temporal lobe | auditory, speech recognition, memory |
subcortical structures | diencyphalon, basal ganglia, limbic system, reticular activate system |
diencyphalon | most ancient part of cerebellum. includes thalamus, hypothalmus, epithalamus |
thalamus | relays processes and segregates signals, sleep |
hypothalamus, | visceral function, internal maintenance, endocrine system control, primitive emotions, behavior, hunger/thirst, circadian rhythm, BP, body temperature |
epithalamus | pineal secretes melatonin and choroid plexin secretes cerebral spinal fluid |
brain stem | include midbrain, pons, and medulla and functions in autonomic behavior |
midbrain | lies in brain stem between pons and higher brain structures and has all the cell bodies of brain stem and connects cerebrum with inferior structures |
pons | relays between brain structures and spinal cord and is between midbrain and medulla |
medulla | in brain stem and is between pons and spinal cord. controls visceral motor function: cardiovasculrar- BP, heart rate, respiratory- breathing, reflexes: protective mechanisms, vomiting, yawning, hiccuping, sneezing |
spinal cord | pathway for connections between body systems and brain and for axons (main highway) |
cervical part of spinal cord | C1-C8 back of neck to fingertips |
thoracical part of spinal cord | T1-T12 from calvicals to umbillicus |
lumbar part of spinal cord | umbillicus to back of legs |
sacral part of spinal cord | S1-S5 back of leg |
dermatome | surface area of a specific body area that has spinal nerve integration |
dorsal horn (posterior) | cell bodies of sensory neuron whose axons project to cord via dorsal root to brain |
ventral horn (anterior) | cell bodies of somatic motor neurons send axons via ventral root |
lateral horn | cell bodies for autonomic motor neurons for sympathetic nervous system that leave via ventral root (interneurons) |
great bridge | allows crossover of brain region. left side of brain control right and right side of brain controls left |
plexis | each region of muscle control |