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Exam 1 Terms
Fundamentals of Neurobiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| plasticity | change as a consequence of prior experience and nature of experience describes nature of change |
| neurons | -basis of brain function - creates and process info - number decrease with age |
| glia | - there are a variety - the micro-environment conditions to facilitate neuron function |
| afferent | receiving |
| efferent | sending |
| amitotic | no mitosis. neurons are always in G0 except when dying which serves as memory function |
| emergence | multiple neuron connection that work together as one unit |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord. structures that reside within bone structure |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves |
| myelin sheath | insulates axons to prevent loss of capacitance to external environment |
| oligodendrocytes | cells that make myelin sheath in central nervous system. same type of cell as schwann |
| schwann cells | cells that make myelin sheath in peripheral nervous system. same type of cell as oligodendrocytes |
| saltatory conductance | "hopping" of action potential |
| nodes of ranvier | places without myelin sheath that create new action potential and invades next segment of myelin |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that modulate the capacity of the circuit they are part of |
| electrical synpase | transfer of current from one neuron to another via gap junctions-connexons |
| enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters | neurotransmitters are disassembled and cannot be reassembled as a form of inactivation |
| reuptake | protein pumps pump neurotransmitters back into the neuron as a form of inactivation |
| biotransformation of neurotransmitters | neurotransmitters are transformed into inactive form which can be reactivated as a form of inactivation |
| diffusion of neurotransmitters as a form of inactivation | neurotransmitters diffuse into specific space of extracellular fluid so that they can find receptors specifically within that specific region of extracellular space |
| what is the function and location of cholinergic receptor neurotransmitters | Function: PNS- somatic and autonomic. Location: organs, muscles, pons, and basal forebrain |
| what is the function and location of catalcholenergic recepter neurotransmitters | Function: dopamine- behavior, neuroepinephrine- arousal, sleep, wakefulness. Location: dopamine- basal ganglia, mesolembic dopamine syptea VTA, midbrain, neuroepinephrine- locus colruleus |
| what is the function and location of serotinergic receptor neurotransmitters | function: mood and affect which is chronic. location: dorsal naphe |
| what is the function of NMDA and AMPA | EPSP |
| what is the function of GABAa and GABAc | IPSP |
| what is the function and location of the diffuse neuromodulating system | functions: controls everything. location: midbrain with axons extending throughout nervous system |
| anterior vs posterior | front vs back |
| dorsal vs ventral | top vs bottom |
| medial vs lateral | close to middle vs. far from middle |
| proximal vs. distal | close vs. far away |
| ipsaletal vs. contralateral | same side vs. different side |
| coronal plane | vertical plan dividing structure into anterior and posterior parts |
| sagital plan | vertical plane dividing structure into right and left halves |
| rostral vs. caudal | front vs. back |
| superior vs. inferior | top vs. bottom |
| tansverse plane | horizontal plane that divides structure into superior and inferior |
| ectoderm vs. endoderm vs. mesoderm | 1 layer vs. 2 layers vs 3 layers. single layer of cells to blastulation to gastulation |
| tripartate | spinal cord, brain, and brain stem |
| cortex | laminar organization of cells that has 6 layers. cell bodies of neurons are on surface while axons are inside. most evolved structure of the brain |
| sulcus | folding of cortex |
| gyrus | raised region of folding of cortex |
| fissure | deep folding of cortex |
| 3 different regions of the brain | cerebellum, cerebral, brain stem |
| gray matter | no myelin, mostly cell bodies, |
| nuclei of gray matter | collection of cell bodies with exact boundaries |
| substantia of gray matter | collection of cell bodies with no exact boundaries |
| locus of gray matter | highly defined boundaries that are small in number |
| ganglion of gray matter | collection of cell bodies outside of central nervous system in peripheral nervous system |
| cortex of gray matter | laminar layer of cell bodies |
| white matter | axons |
| fiber of white matter | one axon |
| bundle of white matter | collection of axons that start and end in different places but all go through a one specific region |
| tract of white matter | collection of axons that start and end at the same place and follow same pathway |
| nerves | bundles of axons in peripheral nervous system |
| commisure of white matter | bundle of axons that crosses one side of brain to other (corpus collusum) |
| frontal lobe | movement and higher thinking |
| parietal lobe | somatic sensation, integration, 3D visualization, processing |
| occiptal lobe | vision |
| temporal lobe | auditory, speech recognition, memory |
| subcortical structures | diencyphalon, basal ganglia, limbic system, reticular activate system |
| diencyphalon | most ancient part of cerebellum. includes thalamus, hypothalmus, epithalamus |
| thalamus | relays processes and segregates signals, sleep |
| hypothalamus, | visceral function, internal maintenance, endocrine system control, primitive emotions, behavior, hunger/thirst, circadian rhythm, BP, body temperature |
| epithalamus | pineal secretes melatonin and choroid plexin secretes cerebral spinal fluid |
| brain stem | include midbrain, pons, and medulla and functions in autonomic behavior |
| midbrain | lies in brain stem between pons and higher brain structures and has all the cell bodies of brain stem and connects cerebrum with inferior structures |
| pons | relays between brain structures and spinal cord and is between midbrain and medulla |
| medulla | in brain stem and is between pons and spinal cord. controls visceral motor function: cardiovasculrar- BP, heart rate, respiratory- breathing, reflexes: protective mechanisms, vomiting, yawning, hiccuping, sneezing |
| spinal cord | pathway for connections between body systems and brain and for axons (main highway) |
| cervical part of spinal cord | C1-C8 back of neck to fingertips |
| thoracical part of spinal cord | T1-T12 from calvicals to umbillicus |
| lumbar part of spinal cord | umbillicus to back of legs |
| sacral part of spinal cord | S1-S5 back of leg |
| dermatome | surface area of a specific body area that has spinal nerve integration |
| dorsal horn (posterior) | cell bodies of sensory neuron whose axons project to cord via dorsal root to brain |
| ventral horn (anterior) | cell bodies of somatic motor neurons send axons via ventral root |
| lateral horn | cell bodies for autonomic motor neurons for sympathetic nervous system that leave via ventral root (interneurons) |
| great bridge | allows crossover of brain region. left side of brain control right and right side of brain controls left |
| plexis | each region of muscle control |
Created by:
LittleD331
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