# ADV.D04 Ch12 - Specimen Handling, Transport, Processing
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| These lab specimens are not centrifuged | hematology, coagulation
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| Aliquot | small sample of a specimen
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| Photosensitive | affected by light
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| Critical laboratory value | A blood value that is very low or very high. Doctor must be notified immediately upon finding such a blood value.
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| Pneumatic tube system | Transport method used to send specimens through a pipe system internally between departments.
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| Turn around time (TAT) | The time it takes to complete the phlebotomy and report the results.
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| Patient variables | Factors that can change the blood values such as: diet, age, diurnal changes, stress
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| Transportation and handling variables | Factors that can change blood values after phlebotomy and before testing. These can be temperature, exposure to light, delays in testing, improper storage temperatures, etc.
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| Variable, variables | A variable is a factor of the environment or of the patient that has the potential of altering the value of the blood analytes.
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| Specimen processing and storage variables | factors of preparing and preserving specimens such as exposure to light, over centrifugation, storage at wrong temperature, etc.
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| Specimen variables | Factors regarding the blood specimen that was collected such as: too little blood in the tube, hemolysis due to shaking the blood while mixing, inadequate mixing of anticoagulant.
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| Labeling the specimen | All specimens must have the patient name, ID#, time and date of collection, your initials
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| Thermolabile | affected by temperature either hot or cold
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| Precentrifugation | Specimen processing and handling before it is centrifuged. This includes blood drawing and transport to the laboratory.
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| Normal blood clotting in tubes can take | 30 – 60 minutes
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| Clot activators | particles of silica or glass or the chemical thrombin. These help activate the clotting process and can shorten the clotting time by 15 to 30 minutes.
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| Aerosol | Small microscopic spray of particles released when the tube caps are removed.
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| Centrifugation | The process of spinning blood specimens
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| Thixotropic gel | A gel material that has liquid properties when agitated or stressed under centrifugation. This allows separation of plasma or serum from the cellular components of blood. It returns to a gel state after centrifugation stops.
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| Centrifuge Safety | Balance tubes, keep tube caps in place, do not open centrifuge until it stops completely
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| How many time can you centrifuge a blood sample | once
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| Postcentrifugation | Handling and processing of specimens after centrifugation. This includes preparation for testing, storage at proper temperature.
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| Serum or plasma can remain in contact with blood cells | As soon as possible but, no longer than
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| Room temperature is | 22oC, 25oC
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| Refrigerator storage temperature is | 2oC - 8oC
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| If testing cannot be done within 48 hours you preserve specimens at | -20oC
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| Plasma should not be repeatedly frozen and thawed because… | This can activate clotting factors.
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| Differential smears must be made within ______ after drawing the blood. | One hour
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| When can you centrifuge anticoagulated specimens? | Immediately
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| Fasting | No food or drink for 8-12hrs. Small amounts of water are OK.
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| What affect does warfarin, Coumadin, and heparin have on the blood specimen? | Prevents blood clotting
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| Anticoagulant | a chemical that prevents blood clotting. These are used to preserve whole blood in specimen tubes and also used in patients to prevent internal blood clotting.
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| Centrifugation | specimen handling/processing during centrifugation. The process of using centrifugal force to separate the liquid portion of blood from the formed elements.
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| Formed elements | the cellular component of blood. These are the RBC, WBC, and PLT.
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| Important centrifuge rules | (1) use proper speed & time, (2) do not open until the centrifuge has stopped completely, (3) monitor the temperature on temperature controlled centrifuges
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| Specimen priority (prioritization) | ` STAT (within 15 minutes), TDM (exact time before and after a drug is given), Routine (bloodwork required upon admission), ASAP (when you have the time)
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| Pneumatic tube system | a system of tube containers that travel through a pipe system inside of a facility/laboratory
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| laboratory reports must contain | Patient ID & location, (2) collection information (venous, capillary, nonfasting, etc.) (3) Normal ranges for the test result (4) Test results with the proper units of concentration
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| Why can specimens be rejected for testing | the label and requisition do not match, inadequate volume of blood, wrong tube, hemolyzed specimen, expired tube, drawn at the wrong time/date
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| Mixing blood tubes | gently tilting 5 to 10 times. Do not shake. Shaking can cause hemolysis.
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| Common specimens that need to be chilled | ammonia, blood gases, catecholamines, gastrin, lactic acid, parathyroid hormone, pyruvate
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| common specimens that need to be transported at body temperature | called agglutinins, Cryofibrinogen, Cryoglobulins
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| lipemia | the presence of fats in the blood
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| shipping biohazardous specimens | (1) must have leakproof inner container, (2) must have a strong secondary outer container, (3) Must have biohazard symbol on the outer container visible on all four sides of the container.
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rjmtoss
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