WVSOM -- Medical Neuroscience -- Diencephalon
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| Where is the diencephalon located? | rostral to the brainstem
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| What are the subdivisions of the diencephalon? | epithalmus, subthalmus, hypothalamus, thalamus and the third ventricle
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| What are the five major divisions of the brain? | Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon
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| What is bound to the diencephalon laterally? | posterior limb of the internal capsule
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| What separates the diencephalon into two symmetrical halves? | third ventricle
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| What is the interthalamic adhesion? | present in 75% of human brains. Represents an area of thalamic continuity on the medial side of the thalami
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| What is the epithalamus? | contains the pineal gland
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| What is the pineal gland? | small, cone-shaped body, attached to the roof of the third ventricle near the posterior commissure. Contains glia cells and unique secretory cells known as pinealocytes
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| What is the function of the pineal gland? | Circadian rhythmicity, spontaneous locomotor activity and feeding/drinking patterns.
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| What do pinealocytes secrete? | malatonin
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| What do tumors of the pineal gland result in? | onset of pubertal changes (precocious puberty)
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| How long does it take for the pineal gland to calcify? | 20 years. After calcification, it may serve as a marker for midline structures on a radiographs
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| Where is the subthalamus located? | just rostral to the midbrain
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| What structures are in the hypothalamus? (6) | mammillary bodies, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, neurohypophysis, optic chiasm, fornix many other hypothalmamic nuclei
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| What separates the thalami? | the third ventricle
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| What separates the thalamus from the hypothalamus? | hypothalamic sulcus, a shallow groove on the ventricular surface
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| What is a major source of afferent fibers to the cortex? | The thalamus
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| How does the thalamus communicate with the cortex? | thalamic radiations mainly from regions of the lateral thalamus to the internal capsule and then to the cortex
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| What is the thalamus a relay center for? | cerebellum and basal ganglia
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| How many thalamic nuclei are there? | over 30
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| How are thalamic nuclei divided up? | into groups by a band of white matter called the internal medullary lamina
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| What does the posterior region of the thalamus contain? | pulvinar, lateral geniculate body and medial geniculate body
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| What is the reticular thalamic nucleus? | forms a thing shell on the lateral portion of the thalamus. It is unique because it has no extra-thalamic projections.
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| Which thalamic nucleus is purely GABAergic? | reticular thalamic nucleus
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| What is the thalamocortical circuit? | It is a circuit that runs from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. Nearby points in the thalamus project to nearby points in the cortex. The thalamocortical projection is excitatory (glutamatergic) and is reciprocated by a corticothalamic projection
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| What inhibits the Thalamocortical circuit? | TRN neuron with GABA
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| What does the Thalamocortical relay and corticothalamic neuron secrete? | glutamate
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| What does the thalmaci nuclei do? | helps integrate, correlate and relay information and is involved in certain reflexes as well as regulating states of consciousness.
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| What maintains consciousness, alertness and attention? | thalamus
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| What information does the thalamic nuclei help integrate, correlate and relay information for? | sensory, motor, consciousness, limbic and visual systems
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| What is the one sensory inpulse that the thalamus is NOT a synaptic point for? | olfactory signals
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| What happens in a prefrontal lobotomy? | The reciprocal connections between the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and the frontal lobes is interrupted.
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| What is the hypothalamus a part of? | the wall for the third ventricle
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| Where is the hypothalamus located? | ventral to the hypothalamic suclcus
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| What is the anterior boundry of the hypothalamus? | lamina terminalis
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| What is the superior border of the hypothalamus? | hypothalamic sulcus
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| What is the inferior border of the hypothalamus? | optic chiasm and tracts
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| What is the posterior border of the hypothalamus? | posterior edge of mammillary bodies
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| What is the tuber cinereum? | the inferior border of the hypothalamus between optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
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| What does the hypothalamus regulate? | heartrate, blood pressure, water metabolism, general metabolism, sexual behavior, temperature, GI, etc
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| What does the hypothalamus modulate? | autonomic responses
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| What does the hypothalamus elaborate on? | emotional responses such as aggression, anger, rage and placidity
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| What are the two afferent connections of input to the hypothalamus? | forebrain and brainstem/spinal cord
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| What does the forebrain send to the hypothalamus? | afferents from the limbic system, retina and other areas. Also associated with hippocampus to hypothalamus via fornix and amygdale to hypothalamus via stria terminalis
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| What signals are sent to the hypothalamus from the brainstem/spinal cord? | sensory input from a variety of areas/nuclei – reaches hypothalamus via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
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| Where does the hypothalamic send its efferent signals? | same place it received its input EXCEPT mammillary bodies to thalamus via mammillothalamic tract. Also sends efferents to the pituitary
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| How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland? | Neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis
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| What is the hypophysis? | pituitary gland
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| How is the hypothalamus connected to the neurohypophysis? | neural pathways
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| How is the hypothalamus connected to the adenohypophysis? | via blood vessels known as hypophyseal portal vessels
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| What are hypophyseal portal vessels? | blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the hypophysis
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| What are the two large nuclei that send their axons into the neurohypophysis for release into general circulation? | supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
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| What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis? | pars tuberalis, pars intermedia and pars distalis
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| What is the median eminence? | ventral portion of hypothalamus where hypothalamic axons converge to secrete releasing/inhibiting hormones which act on cells in pars distalis as signals to release/store their hormones
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| What does the anterior hypothalamus do in regards to temperature regulation? | detects INCREASES in blood temperature and activates cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating to lower temperature.
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| What does the posterior hypothalamus do in regards to temperature regulation? | detects DECREASES in blood temperature and activates cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering to raise temperature.
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| What is the feeding center of the brain? | lateral hypothalamus
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| What does the lateral hypothalamus express? | orexins
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| What are orexins? | involved in satiety setpoints
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| What is the satiety center of the brain? | ventromedial hypothalamus
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