WVSOM Neuroanatomy Overview
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| What are the four main functions of the nervous system? | Receives sensory messages from the environment.Integrates new inputs with information that is already stored. Uses integrated information to send out messages to muscles and glands. It provides the basis for conscious experiences and cognitive abilities.
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| What is the neuron? | basic functional unit of the nervous system
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| How are neurons grouped? | neuronal structure and neuronal function
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| How are neuronal structure done? | by examining the number of processes they exhibit from their somata
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| Unipolar neuron | single process that extends from the soma. NOT found in fully developed humans
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| What is the structure of a Pseudo-unipolar neuron | single process from the soma that immediately divides into two.
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| What do pseudo-unipolar neurons do? | sensory neurons of spinal nerves and all cranial nerves except I, II and VIII
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| What is the structure of a bi-polar neuron? | two processes emerge from soma
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| Where are bi-polar neurons found? | peripheral nervous system and also associated with cranial nerves I, II, and VIII
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| What is the function of bipolar neurons? | sensory. Smell: olfactory mucosa, Vision: retina, Hearing: spiral ganglion and balance: vestibular ganglion
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| What is the structure of a multipolar neuron? | more than two processes emerge from soma.
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| What is the majority of all neurons? | multipolar neurons
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| What are examples of multipolar neurons? | purkinje neurons and pyramidal neurons
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| What two parts are is the nervous system broken down into? | CNS and PNS
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| What two things is the CNS broken down into? | brain and spinal cord
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| What 3 things is the brain broken down into? | forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
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| What 2 things is the forebrain broken down into? | telencephalon and diencephalon
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| What 3 things is the telencephalon broken down into? | neocortex, hippocampus and internal capsule
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| What is the diencephalon broken down into? | thalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland), subthalmus, 3rd ventricle and hypothalamus
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| What two parts is the midbrain broken down into? | superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
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| What is the hindbrain broken down into? | cerebelleum, pons and medulla
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| What makes up the brain stem? | midbrain, pons and medulla
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| What is the function of the hippocampus? | consolidation of memory
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| What 2 things can the PNS be divided into? | somatic division and autonomic division
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| What is the function of the telencephalon? | it is the most complex brain tissue.
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| What is the internal capsule? | onramp and exit ramp to the cerebral cortex. Just a collection of axons
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| What does the thalamus do? | gatekeeper to the cerebral cortex
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| What does the hypothalamus do? | autonomics and homeostasis
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| What is the function of the superior Colliculus? | vision
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| What is the function of the inferior colliculus? | hearing
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| What is the function of the cerebellum? | balance and coordination of motor activity
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| What is in grey matter? | concentration of somata
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| What is in white matter? | concentration of axons (fibers)
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| What are the motor nerves of the somatic division? | efferent nerves
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| What are the sensory nerves of the somatic division? | afferent nerves
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| What happens to orientation at the junction of the midbrain and the forbrain? | rotates 90 degrees
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| What does is the term for anterior below the junction? | ventral
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| What does the term inferior mean below the junction? | caudal
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| What does the term for posterior below the junction? | dorsal
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| What is the term for superior below the junction? | Rostral
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| What is the term for superior above the junction? | dorsal
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| What is the term for anterior above the junction? | Rostral
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| What is the term for inferior above the junction? | ventral
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| What is the term for posterior above the junction? | Caudal
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| What divides the brain into left and right halves? | longitudal fissure
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| What are gyrus? | ridges
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| What are grooves? | sulcus
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| What are really large sulci? | fissures
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| What divides the brain into left and right halves? | longitudal fissure
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| What two Sulcus margin off the frontal lobe? | Central Sulcus and sylivan fissure
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| What is the function of the frontal lobe? | Higher reasoning and thinking abilities. Helps you not remember what a remote is but what you do with it!
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| What is the precentral gyrus? | just rostral to central suclcus. Initiation of motor
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| What is the motor area of language? | frontal lobe
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| What forms the boundary of the occipital lobe? | parieto-occipital Sulcus and the pre-occipital notch.
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| What is the function of the occipital lobe? | vision
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| What is the function of the temporal lobe? | hearing, language comprehension and memory
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| What are the traits of the parietal lobe? | somato-sensation and association (abstract thinking and pulling information together)
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| What does the post-central gyrus do? | first area of somato-sensation
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| What is the cingulated gyrus? | memory. It is the medial surface of the frontal lobe
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| What divides the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe? | the parieto-occipial sulcus.
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| What is the calcarine sulcus? | primary visual cortex
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| What is the corpus collosum? | bundle of axons that connect the hemispheres
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| What is the insular cortex? | addictive behaviors and emotional drives
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| What is the forebrain embronologically? | prosencephalon
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| What are the two parts of the prosencephalon? | telencephalon and diencephalon
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| What makes up the mesencephalon? | emryological name for the midbrain. Makes up the cerebral peduncles, midgrain tectum and midbrain tegmentum
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| What is the rhombencephalon? | Hindbrain
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| What forms the pons and cerebellum? | metencephalon
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| What forms the medulla? | myelencephalon
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| What makes up the rhombencephalon? | metencephalon and myelencephalon
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| Decussation | crossing the midline
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| Ipsilateral | on the same side
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| Contralateral | on the opposite side
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| How do you name tracts? | The first part of the name is the origin of the tract and the second part of the name is the termination of the tract
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| What is a locus? | collection of cell bodies
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| What is grey matter? | collection of cell bodies
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| What is a nucleus/nuclei? | collection of cell bodies
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| What is a substantia? | collection of cell bodies
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| What is a ganglion? | collection of cell bodies
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| What is white matter? | bundle of axons
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| What is a capsule? | bundle of axons
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| What is a brachium? | bundle of axons
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| What is a peduncle? | bundle of axons
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| What is a tract? | bundle of axons
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| What is a commissure? | bundle of axons
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| What is a nerve? | bundles of axons
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| Where are astrocytes found? | only in the CNS
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| What are the 5 functions of Astrocytes? | physical support, forms scar tissue, removes excess waste, removes neurotransmitter from synapse, and contributes to blood-brain barrier
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| Where are oligodendrocytes found? | CNS, mostly in white matter
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| What is the function of oligodendrocytes? | produce myelin around axons
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| Where is myelin produced by oligodendrocytes? | segments around axons
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| How many axons can a oligodendrocyte provide myelin for? | over 50 axons
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| Do segments touch each other? | no
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| What is the space between segments called? | nodes of ranvier
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| What is myelin formed from? | tight concentric layers of cell membrane wrapped around the axon
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| What is the function of myelin? | insulates the axon and speeds the propagation of an action potential
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| What is the main constituents of myelin? | 70% lipids with some proteins (myelin basic protein)
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| What is the function of microglia? | macrophage; remove damaged tissue thru phagocytosis
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| Where are microglia? | CNS
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| When are microglia present in larger numbers? | when CNS is damaged by influx from blood vessels
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| What happens after injury in the CNS? | microglia remove damaged tissue and then scar tissue is added by astrocytes
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| What do ependymal cells do? | line cavities of the brain and spinal cord to circulate CSF
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| Where are Schwann cells found? | only in the PNS
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| What are the 4 functions of Schwann Cells? | support, acts as macrophage, protects axons, and myelinates the PNS
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| How many myelin segments can a single Schwann cell provide myelin for? | can either myelinate a single axon or engulf several axons without myelinating them
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| What do Schwann cells provide nerves that Oligodendrocytes don’t? | a basement membrane
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| What do satellite cells do? | protects neuronal cell bodies
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