FSHN 360- Midterm
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| three general categories of nutritional status | desirable, under-nutrition, over-nutrition
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| nutritional assessment | evaluation of nutritional status through measurements of food and nutrient in take and evaluation of nutrition-related health indicators
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| 5 purposes of nutrition assessment | determine prevalence of chronic disease/malnutrition, high risk individuals, needs assessment, measurement, evaluation
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| ABCDE methods used in nutritional assessment | anthropometrics, biochemical, clinical, diet assessment, environment
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| screening vs monitoring | screening= tests, monitoring= surveys
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| HP 2020 vision | a society in which all people live long, healthy lives
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| HP goals (3) | high quality lives, health equity, create healthy social/physical environments
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| implementing HP 2020 (MAP-IT) | mobilize, access, plan, implement, track
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| DRI | umbrella term to include current standards for nutrient recommendations
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| EAR | intake level to meet nutrient requirements of 50% of healthy individuals, prevent classic deficiency diseases and maintain metabolic pathways (not an intake goal)
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| RDA | level adequate to meet needs of 97-98% of all healthy individuals (set only if EAR established)
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| AI | used if insufficient data available to calculate EAR (frequently used for infants)
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| EER | (estimate energy requirement) average intake to maintain energy balance
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| uses of DRIs (3) | assessing nutrient intakes of individuals and groups, planning nutrient intakes, address health promotion/disease prevention
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| 3 common approaches to assessing diet | comparing intake of certain nutrients to a standard, comparing food groups to a standard, evaluating both at once
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| diet quality index | evaluates overall diet quality of groups and risk of chronic disease related to dietary pattern (10 indicators)
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| healthy eating index | summary measure of diet quality and adherence to dietary guidelines (12 components); focused on nutrient density, 0-100
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| healthy eating index uses (4) | monitor changes in consumption patterns, evaluate menus/diet plans, ID target areas, program evaluation
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| proposed changes to nutrition facts label (nutrition science)- 4 | added sugars, update daily values, required vs voluntary nutrients, remove calories from fat
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| other 2 proposed changes to nutrition facts label | update serving size requirements and labeling for certain sizes, refreshed design (ie calories/servings per container more prevalent)
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| what are the 4 new vitamin/minerals to be on labels? | vitamin D, calcium, iron, potassium
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| correlational studies | compare level of some factor w/ another factor
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| cross-sectional studies | provide snapshot of health at a point in time
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| case-control studies | compare levels of past exposure to some factor of interest
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| longitudinal/cohort studies | nurses study
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| 4 challenges of estimating intake | weaknesses of data-gathering techniques, human behavior, variability in intake and requirements, limitations of databases
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| 5 factors affecting choice of dietary analysis method | literacy, memory, interest, communication, culture
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| 5 factors to consider in dietary analysis method | time frame, sample size, number of measures per person, cost, data analysis
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| strengths of 24-hour recall (3) | low burden, non-diet altering, single for groups/multiple for individual
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| limitations of 24-hour recall (5) | single recall, memory, under/over reporting, omissions/phantom foods, data entry
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| 5 step pass | quick list, meal specifics, forgotten foods, detail, review
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| strengths of food records (4) | not based on memory, more representative than 1-day, fewer phantom foods, greater detail
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| limitations of food records (5) | analysis, burden, writing down may alter report, bites don't get recorded, literacy/knowledge
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| #1 source of error in recalls/diaries | portion size
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| amorphous foods | take on the shape of the container
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| three types of FFQ | simple, semi-quantitative, quantitative (also self vs interviewer administered)
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| two types of variation | systematic (weekend) vs random (birthday party)
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| which vitamin takes the most days to estimate intake? | vitamin A
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| validity | ability of an instrument to measure what is intended
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| reproducibility | ability to produce the same estimate on two more occasions
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| DILQ validation | researchers used observation of school lunch to validate Day in the Life questionnaire
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| use adipose to measure | linoleic acid
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| use plasma to measure | TG, carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E
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| use nitrogen to measure | protein intake **assuming nitrogen balance
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| strengths of biomarkers (2) | easily accessible, provides a validity check of dietary intake
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| limitations of biomarkers (2) | affected by factors other than diet, many nutrients do not have good biomarkers
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| goals of nutritional monitoring (3) | dietary/nutritional status of a population, quality of food, changes in a population's intake
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| KAB assessments | knowledge, attitude, behavior
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| monitoring vs surveillance | quantitative, precise vs. local and less precise measures
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| goals of monitoring/surveillance (2) | ID high risk groups/geographic areas, assess progress toward achieving healthy people objectives
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| how do we use survey data? (3) | nutrition-related programs, development of regulations, research
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| NHANES stands for | national health and nutrition examination survey
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| NHANES comprised of | detailed interviews and comprehensive examinations
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| achievements of NHANES (5) | folate, lead, smoking, growth charts, DRI
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| ___ Americans consume ___ on any given day, provides ___ | 1 in 8, pizza, 1/4 of daily energy
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| USDA and pizza promotion | helps pizza makers (McDonald's and Dominos) "dairy checkoff program"
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| teens sugar | 150% average
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| biggest source of calories | sugar/soda
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| reasonable limit for added sugar | 10g per day
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| GRAS sugar | scientific consensus (unsafe at levels consumed)
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| petitions for added sugar | "added sugars" instead of "sugars", limit over-sized beverages
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| Congress to nutritionists | telling nutritionists not to incorporate agricultural production and environmental factors into dietary guidelines
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| Which country implemented environmental factors into dietary guidelines? | Brazil
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| Commodity prices plunge | maybe will lower grocery costs, reduced foreign competition
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| Obesity and depression | 43% of depressed adults are obese, more likely to obese than people w/ out depression
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| Growth chart under 2 | WHO
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| Growth chart over 2 | CDC
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| 5 indices for measuring children | weight for height/length/stature, weight for age, height/length/stature for age, BMI (>2), head circumference
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| 3 height indices | stature, length, knee height
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| height of children <2 years | recumbent
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| height of children >2 years | height board
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| head circumference | up to 36 months, detect head abnormalities
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| measuring non-ambulatory persons | bed scale, chair scale, calf circumference, midarm circumference, sub-scapular skinfold thickness
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| hamwi equation females | 100 lbs for first 5 feet, 5 pounds per inch
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| male hamwi equation males | 106 lbs for first 5 feet, 6 pounds per inch
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| relative weight | actual/reference (Hamwi) x 100
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| power-type indices | preferred index; maximally correlated w/ body mass and minimally correlated w/ stature
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| BMI units | kg/m2
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| 2 groups to take into account w/ BMI | athletes will over-estimate fat, elderly will under-estimate
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| BMI children | use growth chart
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| Normal BMI | 18.5-24.9
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| Overweight BMI | 25.0-29.9
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| Frame size | measure wrist to find if small, medium, large boned
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| Wrist circumference insulin resistance | excess fat, can ID young subjects for CVD
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| 2 body types | android and gynoid (diseases associated w/ android)
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| Higher waist circumference associated w/ | type 2 diabetes and high blood cholesterol
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| Waist to hip ratio | indicator of body fat (better indicator of CHD and DM than BMI)
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| 2 compartment model | fat mass and lean body mass
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| 4 compartment model | water, protein, mineral, fat
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| 2 classifications of body fat | essential (membranes, bone marrow), nonessential/storage (subcutaneous or visceral)
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| essential fat women | 8-12%
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| essential fat men | 3-5%
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| skinfold | subcutaneous adipose tissue, estimate of total body fat
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| skinfold sites | chest, tricepts, subscapular, midauxillary, superiliac, abdomen, thigh, medial calf
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| skinfold females | triceps, superiliac, thigh
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| skinfold males | chest, abdomen, thigh
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| drawbacks of skinfold | well-trained, water retention, not ideal to estimate visceral, hard to measure if BMI over 35
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| densitometry | mass (kg) / volume (L)
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| body density | weight in air (kg)/ volume of water (or air) displaced (L)
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| hydrostatic weighing based on what | Archimedes principle (displaced H2O)
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| 2-compartment model hydrostatic weight | fat mass density and fat-free mass density
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| biggest assumption of hydrostatic weighing | constant density of fat-free mass
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| second way to measure body density | air displacement plethysmography
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| isotope dilution technique | used for TBW, tracer equilibrates w/ body water (must fast beforehand)
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| assumption tbw | assume that fat-free tissue has a constant water content
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| electrical conductance | difference in electrolyte content b/w fat and fat-free tissues (current b/w ankle and wrist), use regression equations
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| red electrode (electrical conductance) | proximal
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| black electrode (electrical conductance) | distal
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| DEXA | dual energy (high and low energy, picks up ratio)
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| Gold standard body composition | DEXA
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