Ap World History - Summerville High School
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| Pharaoh | the term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, “great house” refers to the palace of the pharaohs.
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| Pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.
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| Kush | African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.
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| Carthage | founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans.
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| Hannibal | Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome.
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| Axum | a state in the Ethiopian highlands; received influences from the Arabian peninsula; converted to Christianity.
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| Ethiopia | kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity.
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| Sahara | desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa.
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| Coptic | Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover
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| Copts, Nestorians | Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims.
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| stateless societies | societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states.
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| Ifriqiya | Roman name for present-day Tunisia.
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| Maghrib | Arabic term for northwestern Africa.
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| Almohadis | a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain.
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| juula | Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa.
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| Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260.
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| griots | professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire.
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| Ibn Batuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world.
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| Timbuktu | Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university.
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| Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao.
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| Hausa | peoples of northern Nigeria, formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions.
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| Muhammad the Great | extended the boundaries of Songhay in the mid-16th century.
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| Sharia | Islamic law, defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance.
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| Zenj | Arabic term for the east African coast.
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| Benin | powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) that came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century.
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| demography | the study of population.
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| demographic transition | shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population, first emerged in western Europe and United States in late 19th century.
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| Kongo | large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Congo.
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| Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa.
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| Baibars | commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.
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| Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from Asia; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans.
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| Boers | Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th-century British occupation; later called Afrikaners.
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| Cape of Good Hope | southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.
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| Nzinga Mvemba | Ruler of the Kong kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.
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| Osei Tutu | important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante.
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| Asantehene | title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante
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| Luo | Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to established dynasties in the lakes region of central Africa
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| Usuman Dan Fodio | Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa.
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| Shaka | ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization
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| Saltwater slaves | name given to slaves born in Africa; distinguished from American-born descendants, the creoles
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| Surinam Maroons | descendants of the 18th century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Suriname and French Guiana.
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| Fulani | Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804; launched revolt against Hausa Kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto.
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| Creole slaves | American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.
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| William Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807
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| Factories | trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans
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| Indies piece | a unit in the complex exchange system of the West African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave
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| Royal African Company | chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.
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| Triangular trade | complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa
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| Great Trek | movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.
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| Mfecane | wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization.
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| Middle Passage | Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th- 18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture.
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| Obeah | African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands.
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| Candomble | African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.
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| Vodun | African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti
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| El Mina | Most important of early Portuguese trading facorties in forest zone of Africa
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| Luanda | Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola
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| Asante empire | Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi
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| Dahomey | Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted western firearms and goods in return for African slaves.
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| Swazi | New African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane
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| Lesotho | Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu modle; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government.
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| Palmares | Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan.
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| Suriname | Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance.
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| Isandhlwana (1879) | Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies.
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| tropical dependencies | Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.
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| settlement colonies | colonies—such as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii—where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.
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| White Dominions | a type of settlement colony—as in North America and Australia—where European settlers made up the majority of the population.
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| white racial supremacy | belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I.
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| Natal | British colony in southern Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban.
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| Boer republics | independent states—the Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.
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| Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated the political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.
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| Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) | fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control.
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| Murad | Mamluk leader at the time of Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt; defeated by French forces.
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| Muhammad Ali | controlled Egypt following the French withdrawal; began a modernization process based on Western models, but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.
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| khedives | descendants of Muhammad Ali and rulers of Egypt until 1952.
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| Suez Canal | built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests.
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| Al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh | Muslim thinkers in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century; stressed the need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology and the importance of rational inquiry within Islam.
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| Ahmad Arabi | student of Muhammad Abduh; led a revolt in 1882 against the Egyptian government; defeated when the khedive called in British aid.
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| Khartoum | river town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.
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| Muhammad Ahmad | head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both British and Egyptians as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi.
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| Mahdi | in Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, the leader of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; began a holy war against the Egyptians and British and founded a state in the Sudan.
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| Khalifa Abdallahi | successor of the Mahdi; defeated and killed by British General Kitchener in 189
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| Wafd Party | Egyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.
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| Sa’d Zaghlul | leader of Egypt’s Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.
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| W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey | African American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalists.
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| pan-African | organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and the African diaspora before and after World War I.
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| négritude | literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements.
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| Léopold S. Senghor, Aimé Césaire, and Léon Damas | African and African American négritude movement writers.
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| Lord Cromer | British advisor to the Egyptian government; his reform program benefited the elite and foreign merchants, not the mass of Egyptians.
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| effendi | prosperous business and professional urban Egyptian families; generally favored independence.
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| Dinshawi incident | 1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental Egyptian death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression that stimulated nationalist sentiment.
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| Convention Peoples Party (CCP) | political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast.
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| Jomo Kenyatta | leader of Kenyan African Union, a nonviolent nationalist party; became first president of independent Kenya in 1962.
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| Kenya African Union (KAU) | leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s.
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| Land Freedom Army | Kenyan underground group, led by radicals from the Kenyan African Union; engage in terrorist acts against British and other opponents.
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| National Liberation Front (FLN) | Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 1962.
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| Secret Army Organization (OAS) | Algerian settler group opposed to independence from France; gained strength in France.
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| Afrikaner National Party | became the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.
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| apartheid | policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.
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| Gamal Abdul Nasser | member of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful.
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| Free Officers movement | military nationalist movement in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.
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| Muslim Brotherhood | Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world.
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| Anwar Sadat | successor of Nasser as Egypt’s ruler; dismantled Nasser’s costly and failed programs; signed peace with Israel in 1973; assassinated by a Muslim fundamentalist.
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| Hosni Mubarak | president of Egypt (served
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| African National Congress (ANC) | South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections.
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| Walter Sisulu and Steve Biko | African leaders imprisoned (Sisulu) or murdered (Biko) by the Afrikaner regime.
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| Nelson Mandela | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994.
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| F. W. de Klerk | South African president (served
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| globalization | the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups.
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| multinational corporations | business organizations with connections across political borders.
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