KMC CH 19: The Church Gives Witness
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| "Pope of the Eucharist" | St. Pius X encouraged frequent reception of the Eucharist, relaxed the rules for its reception, lowered the age for its reception, & wrote many encyclicals on it.
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| How Modernists view religion | They view it as a matter of psychological experience rather than objective truth, & they view the Bible as a compilation of experiences rather than divinely-inspired truth.
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| Papacy of Benedict XV | He was an experienced diplomat who had hoped to be a part of the peace talks in Versailles after World War I; he succeeded in re-establishing diplomatic relations with France & England; he encouraged native clergy & church hierarchy.
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| Asia and Africa | Continents which saw a tremendous growth in Catholicism during the early decades of the twentieth century
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| Russia | Dominating communist regime which rose to power after World War I
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| Soviet Communism | It had its roots in the theories of Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels; by 1959, more than two & half million Russian Catholics had lost their lives; Communists were skilled propagandists; both Orthodox & Catholic churches were destroyed.
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| Fatima | At this town in Portugal, Mary appeared to three children & asked them to pray for peace & the conversion of Russia
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| Pope Pius XI | He set up the Vatican radio station, which was important for the dissemination of Western news during the repressive Cold War period.
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| "Casti Connubii" | Encyclical of Pius XI which reaffirmed Christian teaching on matrimony and family life, and restated the Church's condemnation of contraception
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| St. Josemaria Escriva | Founder of Opus Dei, an organization whose members model themselves after the very first Christians.
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| 1933 Concordat between Germany and the Vatican | The Church was allowed to stay independent; German clergy would temper their political resistance to Hitler; the clergy would be subject to Canon Law & gained special priveleges for Catholic schools; the Catholic Center Party was disbanded.
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| When Hitler began to violate the 1933 Concordat | Immediately!
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| "Mit Brenneder Sorge" | Encyclical of Pius XII - written first in German, rather than Latin - which was a powerful indictment of Nazism; Pius XII ordered that it be read in every German church.
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| Effects of the Spanish Civil War on the Church | 6,832 priests & religious were killed, 13 bishops were killed; Freemasons & Leftists had waged attacks on the Church for years even before the start of the war, sacking & burning churches & assassinating clerics.
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| "Cristeros" | Catholic rebels who fought against the regime of Plutarco Calles, but were quickly crushed; several were declared martyrs
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| Bl. Miguel Pro | Martyr of the Mexican Revolution who cried out "Viva Cristo Rey" right before he was shot by a firing squad.
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| Ways Pius XII tried to promote peace & save lives during World War II | He wrote the encyclical "Summi Pontificatus" which spoke of the natural unity of the human race & condemned racism in his Christmas messages; he sheltered Jewish refugees in Vatican "safe houses"; he stopped the deportation of 800,000 Jews from Hungary.
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| St. Maximilian Kolbe | Franciscan priest & martyr who was imprisoned in Auschwitz; he voluntarily took the place of a married man who was to be starved to death.
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| St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross | Born into a Jewish family, a declared atheist in her youth, she converted after reading the autobiography of St. Teresa of Avila. She was executed in the gas chamber at Auschwitz.
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| Significance of Pope Pius XII's declaration of the assumption of Mary as Catholic dogma | It contributed to Catholic teaching about the Blessed Virgin Mary, & it rejected once again the heresy of body-soul dualism.
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