T2 PATHO Exam 1 review
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| is a systemic or local reaction of tissues and microcirculation to a pathogenic insult. | Inflammation
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| Inflammation is characterized by the elaboration of ______ mediators as well as the movement of fluid and______ from the blood into extravascular tissues. | inflammatory, leukocytes
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| Inflammation localizes and elimi- nates microorganisms, ____ cells and_____ particles, thereby paving the way for a return to normal structure and function. | damaged cells, foriegn
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| 3 factors that can injure tissue and cause inflammation | Chemical agents, Physical agents, Pathogenic microorganism
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| Circulatory changes due to inflammation: Transient (short time) constriction of smooth muscles followed by _________ | Vasodilation
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| Circulatory changes due to inflammation: Active ______ (excess of blood in vessels supplying an organ or tissue) | Hyperemia
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| Circulatory changes due to inflammation: Increased _____ pressure ---> edema (accumulation of fluid within the extravascular compartment and interstitial fluid) | Hydrostatic
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| Circulatory changes due to inflammation: speed of circulation ______ | Decreases (circulation slows down)
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| Circulatory changes due to inflammation: RBC _____ formation (stacking up of red blood cells) | Rouleaux
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| Why do red blood cells form a undergo rouleaux formation ? | rouleaux forms to get Oxygen to the required site
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| Circulatory changes due to inflammation: Diapedesis involves reorganization of the____ and insertion of the_____ into the gaps of_____ cells. | WBC(leukocytes), psedopods, endothelial
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| Characteristics of edema: Increased permeability of vessel wall and increased hydrostatic pressure causes > _____ (tends to occur in non inflammatory conditions) | transudate
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| Characteristics of edema: Transudate is edema fluid with a ___ protein content (specific gravity __ 1.0). | Low, (<)less than
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| Characteristics of edema : Exudate is edema fluid with a ___ protein concentration (specific gravity __1.0), which frequently contains _____ cells. | high, (>) greater than 1 , inflammatory
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| 3 Types of Exudate | Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent
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| Type of exudate that has a yellow, straw-like color and is characterized by the absence of a prominent cellular response. | Serous
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| Type of exudate contains large amounts of fibrin as a result of activation of the coagulation system. | Fibrinous
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| Type of exudate contains cellular components. | Purulent
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| Purulent Exudate is Associated with pathologic conditions such as______ bacterial infections in which the predominant cell type is the poly morphonuclear neutrophil (PMN). | pyogenic
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| Mediators of Inflammation are divided into what 2 major groups ? | Plasma Derived & Cell Derived
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| in Plasma Derived mediators are ______ to active | inactive
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| in Cell derived mediators are stored in____ and_____ | Leukocytes and Platelets
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| Mediators of inflammation are ______ diverse and _______ | Biochemically, Multifunctional
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| Mediators of inflammation are Biochemically diverse because they include, among others ____ ____, ____, and _____ _____ derivatives | biogenic amines, peptides, arachidonic acid
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| Mediators of inflammation are multifunctional as in they ? | act on many cells and tissues
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| Mediator of Inflammation: Histamine is a biogenic amine (NH2), that is released from _____ and ___ cells | Platelets, mast
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| Does Histamine increase or decrease the inflammatory response ? | Increase
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| Histamine has a ___ action (immediate transient response) because it is inactivated by an enzyme called _______ | Short, Histaminase
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| What Drug is an antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor, which blocks histamine activity ? | Benadryl (diphenhydramine)
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| * The complement system is a group of plasma ____ produced by the___, circulating in an ____ form | proteins, Liver,
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| Are the plasma proteins that produced by the liver always being used in the complement system ? | NO THEY ARE NOT USED UNLESS THE BODY NEEDS IT !!!!
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| Activation of the complement system is through a ____ or____ pathway, to form > biologically active fragments, intermediate complexes, and terminal membrane attack complex (MAC). | classical, alternative
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| The complement system activates what 4 mechanisms ? | Opsonization, Anaphylaxis , Chemotaxis , Cell lysis
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| Mechanism activated by the complement system that consists of phagocytosis of bacteria | Opsonization
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| Mechanism activated by the complement system that consists of histamine release with increased vessel wall permeability | Anaphylaxis
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| Mechanism activated by the complement system that is the migration of leukocytes | Chemotaxis
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| Mechanism activated by the complement system that follows membrane attack complex (MAC) ( break down of the cell) | Cell lysis
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| Mediator of Inflammation: _____ has a similar action as histamine BUT it induces pain | Bradykinin
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| Arachidonic acid is derived from ____ through the action of_____(enzyme). | phospholipids, phospholipases
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| Arachidonic acid is further metabolized through what two pathways ? | Lipoxygenase pathway , Cyclooxygenase
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| What is the pain PRODUCER in an inflammatory response ? | Arachidonic acid
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| What drug stops the formation of Arachidonic acid by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase ? | Corcticosteroids (cortisol-produced by adrenal glands )
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| Arachidonic ----(cyclooxygenase/cox-1&2)-->Prostanoic Acid-->_____ &____ & ____ | Thrombroxane, Prostocyclin, Prostoglandins (PGF2a)(PGE2)
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| What kind of drugs stops the formation prostaglandins by inhibiting the the enzyme cyclooxygenase ? | NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs)
(Asprin, Ibuprofen , Tylenol, Celebrex )
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| Prostacyclin is also produced from the _____ pathway of arachidonic acid. these are anti-____ agents | cyclooxygenase , cancer
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| The COX-2 enzyme is involved in causing _____ pain and infllamation (in the knees for example _ | arthritis
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| ______ helps relive the arthritis pain and inflammation by ____ the COX-2 enzyme | Celebrex , inhibiting
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| _____ helps in female labor process (needed with oxytocin) , this helps the uterine contract to exit baby | PGE2
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| The 2 classifications of inflammation | Acute & Chronic
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| Classification of inflammation that is short term and usually happens as a natural homeostasis process | Acute Inflammation
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| Acute Inflammation is characterized by_____ blood flow, increased______ of vessels to cells, proteins, fluids and inflammatory cells (neutrophils or PMN) out in the____. | increased, permeability, tissue
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| Classification of inflammation that persists over a longer period of time | Chronic Inflammation
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| Chronic Inflammation is characterized by the presence of _____ , ______, & ____ ____ . There is a associated tissue ______ , scarring and granulation tissue formation. | macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, destruction
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| Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent, ulcerative, pseudomembranous , granulomatous are all ______ forms of inflammation | Pathologic
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| *Type of Pathologic inflammation that is the early stage of most inflammation & produce exudate. | Serous inflammation
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| Type of Pathologic inflammation that have exudate of coagulated fibrin | Fibrinous inflammation
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| *Type of Pathologic inflammation that is acute form of exudative inflammation in which the enzymes produced by white blood cells cause liquefaction of the affected tissues, resulting in the "formation of pus" | Purulent inflammation
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| Type of Pathologic inflammation : necrosis on or near the surface leads to loss of tissue and creation of a local defect (ulcer). | ulcerative inflammation
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| Type Patho inflam: acute inflammatory response to a powerful necrotizing toxin ( diphtheria toxin—bacterial toxin)characterized by formation on a mucosal surface of a FALSE membrane made of precipitated fibrin,necrotic epithelium,& inflammatory leukocytes | pseudomembranous inflammation
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| Type of Pathologic inflammation : a form,usually chronic, attended by formation of granulomas. | granulomatous inflammation
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| ___is an inflammatory exudate formed within the tissues consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), necrotic tissues, microorganisms, and tissue fluids. | Pus
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| Pus is Usually pale yellow to yellow green, sometimes whitish, and sometimes ____ . | bloody
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| ____ infection (gram +/-) is its most common cause of pus formation | Bacterial
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| Pus must be released so ____ process can begin | Healing
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| ____is swollen area of body tissue that contains pus within its capsule and if pressure is applied it can pop | Abscess
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| when pressure is applied to an abscess what is formed that allows pus to release out of the skin ? | Sinus
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| ____ is abnormal or surgically made passage between 2 hollow or tubular organs (intestines) and the surface of the body or between 2 hollow or tubular organs allows for pus to flow from 1 spot to another | Fistula
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| In healing Tissues can ____ ,or the repair takes place in the form of _____ | Scarring
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| Healing and Repair Outcome depends on the type of cells forming the tissue of : – Continuously ____ cells (muscle and liver) – Quiescent facultative____ cells – Nondividing ____ cells | dividing, mitotic, postmitotic
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| Which cells do not divide ? | NEURONS
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| Fibroblasts Produce _____ | Collagen
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| What does collagen do for skin tissue ? what happens to it with age ? What does it look like? can cosmetics produce it ? | Keeps skin tissue strong. Diminishes with age. Looks like a rope. No, can only be produced by fibroblasts
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| Within HOURS after a injury to the skin ______ arrive and suture(close) the wound during the healing process | Leukocytes
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| Within DAYS after a injury angiogenesis (blood vessels arrive) occurs near wound. _______ undergo degranulation at the wound site producing granulation tissue and _______ produce new collagen | Macrophages, Fibroblasts
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| Within WEEKS after injury what does the granulation tissue(replaces old injured skin) forming a ____ | Scar
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| What disease is associated with hyper extensive joints,hyper elasticity of skin, dissecting aortic aneurysms, rupture of the colon, and vessel instability resulting in skin hemorrhages. | Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
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| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is caused by mutations which affects the _____ structure and______. | collagen, synthesis
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| *WOUND HEALING PROCESS: (Cut/Injury in tissue)----leads to ---> ? (within hrs) | Inflammatory response
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| *FIRST STEP in wound healing processes: Fibroblasts produce _______ , which gets converted to _____ . Fibroblasts will also produce ______ (immature) | Fibronectin, Fibrin , Collagen III
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| * SECOND STEP in wound healing process : Angioblasts will produce new ___ ____ though a process called ______ . And myo-fibroblasts (hybrid cells between smooth muscles & fibroblasts). form the _______ tissue | Blood vessels , Angiogenesis , granulation
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| * THIRD STEP of wound healing process : Production of ______ (mature) final stage of scar formation | Collagen I
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| In Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) what types of collagen are most affected ? | Type 1 and Type 3
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| Transmission of (EDS) is based on what ? | Mendelian genetics.
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| ______ Scar formation can be a complication of scar formation | Deficient
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| Separations of tissue margins, Excess scar formation , Keloid (collagen-III) , Large scars from burn are all types of ? | Deficient scar formation
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| _____ Is an exuberant hypertrophic scar that tends to prog- ress beyond the site of initial injury and recurs after excision( comes back after removal) | Keloid
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| Keloid is an area of irregular fibrous tissue associated with too much of what type of collagen ? | Type 3 (high ratio of (type 3)/(type1)
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| An _____ is an inflammatory process caused by disease producing organisms | Infection
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| "__" is the suffix used with the name of the tissue or organ to indicate and infection or inflammatory process . | "itis" (ex..appendicitis,hepatitis,colitis)
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| Type of infection that has an acute spreading infection at any site | Cellulitis
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| Type of infection associated with the breakdown of tissues and formation of pus | Abscess
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| Type of infection associated with overwhelming infection where pathogenic bacteria gains access to bloodstream | Septic Shock (septicemia)
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| Virulence factors influence the outcome of____ | infection
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| is the ease of with which a pathogenic organism can overcome the defenses of the body | Virulence of organism
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| a _____ virulent organism is one that produces disease in the majority of susceptible individuals | Highly
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| A___ virulence organism is one that produces disease ONLY in highly susceptible individuals under FAVORABLE conditions | Low
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