Navigating the Body
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| Posterior Upper Body Regions | cranial, cervicle, scapular and thoracic
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| Poster Lower Body Regions | pelvic, gluteal, popiteal, sural
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| Anterior Upper Body Regions | facial, mandibular, supraclavicular, pectoral, axillary, brachial, cubital, antecubital, abdominal
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| Anterior Lower Body Regions | inguinal, pubic, femoral, patellar, crural
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| Sural | back of leg (calf region)
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| Crural | front of leg (tibia region)
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| Cubital | elbow (olecranon process)
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| Antecubital | anterior portion of elbow
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| Sagittal Plane | divides body into left and right halves
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| Frontal (Coronal) Plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
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| Transverse Plane | divides the plane into superior and inferior portions
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| Cranial | closer to the head
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| Caudal | closer to the buttocks
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| Medial | closer to the midline
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| Lateral | further away from the midline
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| Distal | further away from the trunk or the body's midline
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| Proximal | closer to the trunk (only used in refering to portions of the limbs)
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| Superficial | closer to the body's surface
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| Deep | further from the body's surface
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| Flexion | movement that bends a joint to bring bones closer together
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| Extension | movement that straightens or opens a joint
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| Adduction | movement that brings a limb towards the body's midline
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| Abduction | movement that takes a limb away from the midline
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| Medial rotation | (aka internal rotation) rotation towards the midline
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| Lateral rotation | (aka external rotation) rotation away from the midline
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| Rotation | movement along a transverse plane, pertains only to the axial skeleton
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| Circumduction | combo of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, cone shaped movement at either shoulder or hip
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| Prone | lying face down
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| Supine | lying face up (on your spine)
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| Lateral Flexion | only occurs only at the axial skeleton ex. moving right ear closer to right shoulder
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| Supination | describes the pivoting action of the forearm to put palm up (as in carrying a bowl of soup)
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| Pronation | pivoting movement of forearm required to put palm down (prone to spill soup)
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| Opposition | happens only at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, when thumb crosses to touch fifth phlange (pinkie finger)
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| Inversion | turning feet inward and upward
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| Eversion | turning feet outward and upward
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| Plantar Flexion | refers only to movement of the ankle putting toes toward the ground
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| Dorsiflexion | refers only to movement of the ankle movin toes up
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| Protraction | refers only to the clavicle, head, and jaw, anterior movement
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| Retraction | refers only to the clavicle, head, and jaw, posterior movement
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| Deviation | wandering from the usual course
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| Scapula | (latin) shoulder blade
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| Fossa | (latin) shallow depression
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| Infra- | inferior
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| -spinous | reffering to the spine of scapula
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| Axial Skeleton | skeletal center: crainium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone
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| Appendicular Skeleton | appendages: arms, legs, pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), and pelvic girdle (hips)
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| pound for pound bone is as strong as | steele, and three times stronger than the same quantity of reinforced concrete
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| the skeleton is what percent of the bodies weight | fifteen
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| amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body | two pounds calcium and one pound phosphorus
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| Ball and Socket Joint | capable of movement on every plane ex. shoulder
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| Ellipsoid Joint | oval shaped bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another, permits flexion/ extension and abduction/adduction ex. radiocarpal wrist joint
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| Hinge Joint | allows only flexion/extension similar to door hinge ex. elbow joint
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| Saddle Joint | modified ellipsoid joint, a concave and a convex articulating surfaces (like two saddles) ex. trapezium and first metacarpal
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| Gliding Joint | usually between two flat surfaces, allows least amount of movement of all synovial joints ex. between carpals and between tarsals
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| Pivot Joint | rotation of one bone around another ex. first and second cervical vertebra (atlantoaxial joint)
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| Tendon | attaches muscle to bone (Latin to stretch)
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| Origin | a muscles attachment to a bone, usually the more stationary attachment
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| Insertion | a muscles attachment to a bone, usually the more movable attachment
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| number of muscles in the human body | 639
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| Galen | one of the first anatomists (AD 130-200)gave muscles numbers
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| William Cowper and James Douglas | 18th cent anatomists that developed the current myological terminology (muscle names)
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| mucsle fibers | over 6 trillion in the body, each thinner than human hair, supports up to 1000 times their own weight
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| Fascia | (latin) band or bandage
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| Retinaculum | (Latin) halter, band, or rope
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| Aponeurosis | (Greek) apo- from neuro- nerve or tendon
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| Arteries | carry blood away from the heart (Greek windpipe)
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| Veins | carry blood toward the heart (Latin hairlike)
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| Arterioles | smallest branches of arteries
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| Capillaries | the exchange site for nutrients, gases, and wastes (Latin vessel)
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| Venules | smallest branches of veins
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| Length of all Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries in an average adult male | 60,000 miles or 317 million feet
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| homeostasis | body's natural equlibrium
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| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord
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| Peripherial Nervous System | nerves that branch off of the spinal cord
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| Plexus | group of nerves in the peripherial nervous system ex. cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral (Latin Interwoven)
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| Nerve | Latin sinew
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| Lymphatic System | drains interstitial fluid that excapes from capillaries and transports it back to the heart, also transports fats from the intestines to the blood, and helps body's immune system defend againes foreign cells, microbes, and cancer cells
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| Lymph | yellow fluid found in lymph nodes and lymphatics (Latin pure spring water)
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| Lymph Nodes | collections of lymph
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| Lymphatics | lymph vessels
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| Interstitial | Latin placed between
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| Sagittal | Latin arrowlike
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| Coronal | Latin crownlike
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| Transverse | Latin across, turned across
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| Dorsi | Latin of the back
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| Plantar | Latin the sole of the foot
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| ab- | Latin away from
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| ad- | Latin toward
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| Appedicular | Latin to hang to
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| Axial | Latin axle
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| Skeleton | Greek dried up
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| Synovial | Latin joint fluid
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| Muscle | Latin musculus, little mouse
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