AP Euro - 18th Century Economy and Society
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| The Agricultural Revolution | Features:
Increased production of food
New Methods of Cultivation
Selective Breeding of Livestock
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| Open Field System | Common lands were open and strips of land for agriculture were not divided by fences or hedges.
1/3 to 1/2 of lands were allowed to lie fallow on any given year so that the soil could recover
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| Charles “Turnip” Townsend | He pioneered the crop rotation.
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| Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
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| Jethro Tull | (1674-1741)
He created a seed drill
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| Seed Drill | This allowed for sowing of crops in a straight row rather than scattering it by hand.
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| Columbian exchange | Resulted in a revolution in diet
The trading between New World to Europe.
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| Enclosure movement | Began in the 16th century
Landowners sought to increase profits from wool production by enclosing fields for raising sheep.
Differed from 18th century enclosure
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| Corn Laws | 1815 - Benefited landowners
High tariffs placed on foreign grain
Hurt the poor because they couldn't afford the price
Example of a law that benefited the wealth at the expense of the poor.
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| Population Explosion | The Europe Population increased from 120 million to 190 million.
This was due to a number of reasons, but advances in medicine was not one of them.
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| Proto-Industrialization | Another name for the Cottage Industry
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| Cottage Industry (“putting out” system) | Rural industry became a major pillar of Europe's growing economy in the 18th century.
Essentially a family enterprise
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| Flying Shuttle | This was invented by John Kay in 1733.
This enabled the weaver to throw shuttle back and forth between threads with one hand.
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| Spinning Jenny | This was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764.
This mechanized the spinning wheel.
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| Water Frame | This was invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769.
This improved thread spinning.
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| Spinning Mule | This was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779.
This combined the best features of the water frame and the spinning mule.
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| Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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| Atlantic Economy | English merchants believed in upholding private interests of the people and the central state. Led to Navigation Acts.
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| Sugar | This became the most important commodity produced in the Atlantic Trade.
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| Bullionism | Countries sought to build large reserves of gold and silver and prevent the flow of these precious metals out of their country.
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| Bank of England | 1694, provided important source of capital for economic development.
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| Act of Union, 1707 | This unified England and Scotland; the Scots sought the benefits of trade within the English empire
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| Navigation Acts | This was passed by Parliament to increase military power and private wealth.
First act passed in 1651 and sought to reduce Dutch domination of the Atlantic trade.
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| Triangular Trade | This revolved around the West Indies in the Caribbean and included North America and Africa
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| Dutch Republic | Netherlands was the world's dominant maritime power "Golden Age of the Netherlands"-middle class (burghers) dominated politics and the economy
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| Anglo-Dutch Wars | 1652-1674 damaged Dutch shipping and commerce
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| Slave Trade | Dramatic growth in Atlantic trade was due in large part to the use of slave labor
About 10 million transported
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| "Middle Passage" | 20% to 1/3 of slaves died en route to New World
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| War of Spanish Succession | The prospect of the Bourbons (Louis XIV and grandson) controlling both France and Spain (and their empires) became a major threat to Britain in North American and the balance of power in Europe
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| Treaty of Utrecht | 1713 - France lost newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to Great Britain
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| Asiento | The west African slave trade with the New World
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| Seven Years' War | It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
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| Treaty of Paris | 1763 -
Ended the 7 Years' War
France is completely removed from North America.
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| American Revolution | In hopes of weakening Britain's world empire, France gave significant financial and military support to the US in its successful war for independence
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| Creoles | Spaniards born in Latin America came to rival the power of Spanish authorities.
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| Mestizos | Children born to Spanish fathers and Indian mothers.
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| “Spare the rod and spoil the child” | Daniel Defoe-children's labor views and parents job to train them and make them obedient
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| Pietism | In Germany, cause its Protestant revival
Emotional content of Christian faith was emphasized
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| John Wesley | Influenced pietism in Germany
Founded Methodism
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| Methodism | The religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals
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| Rococo | Court of Louis XV-lighter elements, more curves and natural patterns, highly decorative, intimate setting, playful scenes of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie
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| Neoclassicism | Sought to return to artistic style of ancient Rome, Greek ideals, and Renaissance-simple, balanced, symmetry, restraint
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| Jacques-Louis David | Death of Socrates, big role in the Neoclassicism movement
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| Classical Style (Music) | Influenced by neoclassicism art
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| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Master of the new musical style, prolific Austrian composer and child prodigy
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| Franz Joseph Haydn | Master of the new musical style, prolific Austrian composer who influenced the classical form of the symphony (1732-1809)
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| Ludwig van Beethoven | Master of the new musical style, German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music)
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| Symphony | Important genre, developed during this time
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