Physiology - Neurophysiology Exam 04 Part 01
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| Cell body | cell maint.
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| dendrites | most synaptic contacts
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| axon or nerve fiber | process from cell body to target
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| axon collaterals | branches of axon
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| terminals and varicosities | release of neurotransmitter
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| Myelin | made by schwann cells and oligodendroglia
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| nodes of ranvier | located b/w myelin forming cells
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| the conduction velocity along the axon is accelerated by? | myelin
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| amount of acceleration depends on the size of the? | axon
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| have multiple dendrite processes. most tract neurons and neurons with peripheral processes are? | multipolar
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| have single "stem" that bifurcates to make distal and proximal processes that project to the target organ and the CNS resp. this is the typical cell type in dorsal root ganglia (sensory neurons) | pseudounipolar
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| have 1 or 2 processes, resp. these types are mainly associated with special senses | unipolar and bipolar
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| sensory neurons from body to CNS | afferent
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| motor neurons CNS to effectors | efferent
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| circuit neurons, connect neurons within the CNS | interneurons
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| long axons from site of origin to distant target within the CNS | projection neurons
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| Ipsilateral | same side
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| contralateral | opposite side
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| Bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system that usually contains both afferent and efferent fibers | nerve
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| collection of axons with the origin (cell bodies) in one area or nucleus that projects to a discrete target | tract
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| large collection of axons that may contain multiple tracts with many different terminations but found within a defined region. used in discussing spinal cord | funiculus
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| discrete collection of axons, usually in the brainstem or ventral forebrain, that contains axons from multiple sites and interconnects multiple areas | fasiculus
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| largest # of cells in the nervous system 90% | glial cells
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| support neurons and maintain extracellular fluid | glial cells
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| forms myelin sheath around neurons | oligodendrocytes
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| maintains extracellular fluid, supports metabolic activity of neurons, assists formation of blood brain barrier | astrocyte
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| macrophage-like cell that participates in immune function | microglia
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| comprise lining of cerebral ventricles and regulate cerebrospinal fluid | ependymal cells
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| severed axons in PNS can regrow to innervate the original target | regeneration of axons
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| severed axons in CNS do not regrow to target, they may sprout new endings , but fx is not regained | regeneration of axons
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| Cell body | cell maint.
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| dendrites | most synaptic contacts
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| axon or nerve fiber | process from cell body to target
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| axon collaterals | branches of axon
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| terminals and varicosities | release of neurotransmitter
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| Myelin | made by schwann cells and oligodendroglia
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| nodes of ranvier | located b/w myelin forming cells
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| the conduction velocity along the axon is accelerated by? | myelin
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| amount of acceleration depends on the size of the? | axon
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| have multiple dendrite processes. most tract neurons and neurons with peripheral processes are? | multipolar
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| have single "stem" that bifurcates to make distal and proximal processes that project to the target organ and the CNS resp. this is the typical cell type in dorsal root ganglia (sensory neurons) | pseudounipolar
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| have 1 or 2 processes, resp. these types are mainly associated with special senses | unipolar and bipolar
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| sensory neurons from body to CNS | afferent
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| motor neurons CNS to effectors | efferent
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| circuit neurons, connect neurons within the CNS | interneurons
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| long axons from site of origin to distant target within the CNS | projection neurons
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| Ipsilateral | same side
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| contralateral | opposite side
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| Bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system that usually contains both afferent and efferent fibers | nerve
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| collection of axons with the origin (cell bodies) in one area or nucleus that projects to a discrete target | tract
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| large collection of axons that may contain multiple tracts with many different terminations but found within a defined region. used in discussing spinal cord | funiculus
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| discrete collection of axons, usually in the brainstem or ventral forebrain, that contains axons from multiple sites and interconnects multiple areas | fasiculus
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| largest # of cells in the nervous system 90% | glial cells
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| support neurons and maintain extracellular fluid | glial cells
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| forms myelin sheath around neurons | oligodendrocytes
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| maintains extracellular fluid, supports metabolic activity of neurons, assists formation of blood brain barrier | astrocyte
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| macrophage-like cell that participates in immune function | microglia
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| comprise lining of cerebral ventricles and regulate cerebrospinal fluid | ependymal cells
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| severed axons in PNS can regrow to innervate the original target | regeneration of axons
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| severed axons in CNS do not regrow to target, they may sprout new endings , but fx is not regained | regeneration of axons
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| Structure of Nervous system | long, direct pathway (often same as tract)
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| multineuronal, multisynaptic, polysynaptic | structure of NS
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| presynaptic vs postsynaptic | neurons in pathways can be presynaptic to some neurons and postsyn to others
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| ganglion | in periphery
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| nucleus | in CNS
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| central, butterfly shaped cord region. contains cell bodies of neurons and glia, dendrites, axonal processes. appears gray due to lack of myelin | gray matter
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| surrounds gray matter. consists primarily of axons those with myelin give the color. these tracts connect regions of spinal cord or spinal cord with brain | white matter
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| sensory (afferent) input reaches cord via dorsal roots, which consist of the axons of sensory neurons | dorsal roots
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| contain cell bodies of the pseudounipolar sensory neurons | dorsal root ganglia
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| motor (efferent) output leaves the cord via ventral roots, which consist of the axons of motor neurons. | ventral roots
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| spinal nerves | formed by joining of dorsal and ventral roots
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| 31 pairs of spinal nerves divided into 5 groups | 1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral 5. coccygeal
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| cervical | hands and arms
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| thoracic | chest area body
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| lumbar | legs and feet
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| brainstem consists of? | medulla oblongota, pons, and midbrain
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| responsible for basic mech of life: reg of cardivas adn resp fx, sleep and wakefulness, posture and balance, etc | brainstem
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| relays and integrates formation from periphery to brain and vice versa | brainstem
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| nuclei of most cranial nerves are located here? | brainstem
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| central core of this is the reticular formation, involved in integrating information from all sensory modalities and affecting motor outflow. biogenic amine nuclei are located in the reticular formation | brainstem
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| coordinates ongoing movements, learns new movements | cerebellum
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| receives input from all muscles and other brain regions responsible for movement | cerebellum
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| 2 major components of the cerebellum | cortex and deep nuclei
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| near surface, output cells from here project mainly to the deep nuclei | cortex
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| deeper in cerebellum, neurons in these nuclei provide output from cerebellum | deep nuclei
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| Forebrain consists of? | cerebral hemisphere, cerebral cortex
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| Cerebral hemispheres | major divisions of the brain
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| outer shell of gray matter in each hemisphere, about 3 mm thick | cerebral cortex
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| consists of fiber bundles connect regions of cerebral cortex, and send information from cortex to other brain regions | cerebral cortex
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| connects 2 sides of cortex | corpus callosum
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| provide output from cortex, other neurons connect local regions of cortex | pyrimidal cells
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| Cortex divided into 4 lobes: | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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| motor fx, personality | frontal lobe
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| sensory, touch, interprets motor input and output | parietal lobe
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| vision | occipital lobe
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| auditory and memory | temporal lobe
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| inputs to cortex arise from: | 1. thalamus 2. other regions of cortex 3. reticular formation
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| major integrating region of brain, and is the area that makes humans human | cortex
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| groups of cell bodies deep in within hemispheres; the most prominent are the basal ganglia | subcortical nuclei
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| caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus | basal ganglia
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| other nuclei associated with basal ganglia: | substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
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| traditionally known as regions that help control movements, these cell groups also are known to be involved with higher cortical functions, such as cognition | substantia nigra and subthalami nucleus
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| Diencephalon | thalamus and hypothalamus
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| major relay station to the cortex. most sensory and motor input from the body must relay through the thalamus before reaching the cortex. also is involved in arousal and attention | thalamus
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| this is the major endocrine center, and is responsible for controlling body homeostasis | hypothalamus
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| several structures contribute to this system which is responsible for emotional repsonses, learning and memory, and integration with autonomic responses to emotional stimuli | limbic system
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| c shaped structures | limbic system
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| brain consists of | cerebral ventricles, CSF, blood supply, blood brain barrier
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| right and left , deep in cortex, connected by foramen of Monro to 3rd ventricle | lateral ventricles
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| within the diencephalon connected by aqueduct of Sylvius in midbrain to 4th ventricle | 3rd ventricle
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| b/w cerebellum and brainstem (pons and medulla) | 4th ventricle
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| membranous coverings of the brain | meninges
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| thickest and toughest part of meninges adjacent to skull | dura mater
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| middle layer of meninges | arachnoid
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| adjacent to brain and spinal cord | pia mater
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| all 3 support the CNS | dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
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| b/w arachnoid and pia, is where CSF circulates | subarachnoid space
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| part of lining of ventricles; appears fluid | choroid plexus
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| ependymal cells secrete CSF | choroid plexus
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| CSF circulates through ventricles and spinal cord, and eventually returns to blood via the arachnoid villi, which are structures that project from the arachnoid to venous sinuses; these work similar to lymphatic vessels | choroid plexus
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| brain receives about 15% of the total blood supply | blood brain barrier
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| CNS requires glucose to produce energy; short term lack of glc causes neuronal death | blood brain barrier
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| consists of endothelial cells of brain/spinal cord capillaries | blood brain barrier
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| prevents large molecules from entering extracellular fluid; protective effect | blood brain barrier
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| lipid soluble substances can cross, but not lipid insoluble substances | BBB
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| due to this many drugs can not cross the ? | bbb
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