Chapter 8 & 9 Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
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| What are vitamins? | Organic compounds essential to diet and promote growth and health maintenance.
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| Water soluble vitamins? | B vitamins, vitamin C, Choline
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| Fat soluble vitamins? | vitamin A, D, E, K
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| Make up of B vitamins? | Many different substances. They were thought to be made up of only one.
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| Two categories of vitamins? | Water soluble & Fat soluble
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| B vitamins consist of.... | Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vit B6, Folate, Vit B12.
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| Fat Soluble consist of .... | Vit D, E, A, K
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| What is fortification? | Adding nutrients to foods that generally are not found in food or added nutrients in greater quantities.
Example: Calcium is added to Orange Juice
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| What is enrichment? | Adding nutrients to food which have been lost during processing.
Example B vitamins to white rice.
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| What are Dietary Supplements? | Another source of vitamins, can contain a combination of vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, enzymes, or extracts. Can not replace a diet containing variety of foods.
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| What does bioavailibility mean? | Vitamins must be absorbed by body to perform their functions
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| What percentage of vitamins are absorbed? | 40-90%
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| Where are vitamins absorbed? | small intestine
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| What does fat soluble vitamins need to be absorbed? | requires fat from diet
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| Function of Vitamin A | Eye --> Retina, Growth development, Immune, and Bone
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| Function of Vitamin C | Synthesize: Collagen/Hormones/Neurotransmitters/Bile/Caratine, Promotes Iron Absorption, Antioxidant, Regenerates Vitamin E
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| Function of Vitamin B12 | Production of ATP from amino acids, Myelination, Conversion of Methoine from homeocyst
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| Functions of Niacin | Energy Metabolism
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| Functions of Thiamin | Helps break down glucose, needed for neural function, Synthesis of neurotransmitters ribose & deoxyribose
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| Functions of Vitamin K | Production of plasma proteins for clotting, Proteins in bone formation & breakdown
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| Functions of Riboflavin (B2) | Prevent O2 damage, vision, cell energy production, converts folate/niacin/B6/K into active forms.
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| Functions of Pyridoxine (B6) | Neurotransmitters , Myelination, AA metabolism, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, Hemoglobin, synthesize nonessential AA
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| Functions of Vitamin E | Protects lipids by neutralizing reactive O2 throughout the body, defends against heavy metals and toxins.
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| Functions of Folate | Decrease the risk factor of neural tube defects in fetus, Synthesis for DNA dividing cells
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| Functions of Vitamin D | Absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus for maintenance of bone
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| Sources of Vitamin A | All but grains, fish, almonds, Best is carrots/liver/eggs
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| Sources of Vitamin C | Citrus, Broccoli, Strawberries, Cantalope
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| Sources of Vitamin B12 | All meat and Dairy
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| Sources of Niacin | Grains, fish, peanuts,chicken, lentils
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| Sources of Thiamin | Enriched grains, bran contains thiamin, whole grains, seeds, nuts, legumes
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| Sources of Vitamin K | Intestinal bacteria, vegetable oil, leafy greens
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| Sources of Riboflavin | Dairy, Oragan, all meats, whole grains, asparagus, broccoli, mushrooms, darks greens, herbs, nuts,
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| Sources of Pyridoxine (B6) | Seeds, chicken, fish, lentils, pork, dairy, Some fruits and vegetables, whole wheat products, enriched foods.
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| Sources of Vitamin E | All food sources, mainly nuts, seeds, plant oils, and fortified foods.
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| Sources of Folate | All food sources, mainly lentils, leafy greens, wheat products, beets
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| Sources of Vitamin D | Egg yolks, liver, fish, fortified dairy, sunlight
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| Results of Deficiency Vitamin A | Night blindness, liver damage, bone fractures, no differentiation in epithelial cells
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| Results of Deficiency Vitamin C | Scurvy
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| Results of Deficiency Vitamin B12 | Pernicious Anemia, Macrolytic Anemia, Degeneration of Myelin, Paralysis, Death
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| Results of Deficiency Niacin (B3) | Fatigue/Low appetite/ indigestion 4D's: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death
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| Results of Deficiency Thiamin | Tachycardia, Weakness, cardiomegaly, nerve degeneration, extreme weakness
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| Results of Deficiency Vitamin K | Hemorrhage
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| Results of Deficiency Riboflavin | Fatigue, slow growth, digestive problems, sores on mouth, swollen tongue
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| Results of Deficiency Pyridoxine (B6) | Lesions, poor growth, heart disease, anemia, neurologic, depression, poor immunity, headache, convulsions, nausea
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| Results of Deficiency Vitamin E | RBC rupture, nerve damage, hemolytic anemia
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| Results of Deficiency Folate | Macrocytic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, poor growth, neural tube defects, depression, insomnia, mental fatigue, confusion, cells cant divide.
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| Results of Deficiency Vitamin D | Osteoporosis, Osteomalatia, Rickets
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| High Risk Group Vitamin A | pregnant women, acne medication
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| High Risk Group Vitamin C | smokers, malenourished, pirates, pregnant or nursing women
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| High Risk Group Vitamin B12 | vegetarians, elderly, pregnant, gastric bypass patients,
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| High Risk Group Niacin | poverty, malenourished, alcoholics
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| High Risk Group Thiamin | asians eat a lot of white rice, alcoholics
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| High Risk Group Vitamin K | newborns (premature) antibiotics
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| High Risk Group Riboflavin | elderly, ill, birth control, alcoholics,
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| High Risk Group Pyridoxine (B6) | alcoholics,
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| High Risk Group Vitamin E | premature infants, people with poor fat absorption
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| High Risk Group Folate | Pregnant women, poor diet, alcoholics
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| High Risk Group Vitamin D | infants, elderly, dk skin, little sun exposure, people with kidney disease
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| Toxicity Vitamin A | blindness
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| Toxicity Vitamin C | high doses causes diarrhea/nausea/kidney stones, increased iron, interference with blood clotting, worsen sickle cell
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| Toxicity Vitamin B12 | NA
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| Toxicity Niacin | blurred vision/tingling in hands and feet, diarrhea, vomiting, high blood sugar, skin rash, abnormal liver functions.
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| Toxicity Thiamin | NA
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| Toxicity Vitamin K | anemia and brain damage
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| Toxicity Riboflavin | NA - itching, light sensativity
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| Toxicity Pyridoxine (B6) | numbness, nerve damage
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| Toxicity Vitamin E | inhibition of K activity, blood thinners affect
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| Toxicity Folate | insomnia, irritability, GI dysfunction
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| Toxicity Vitamin D | calcium deposits in soft tissue, growth retardation
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| Soluble Vitamin A | fat
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| Soluble Vitamin C | water
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| Soluble Vitamin B12 | water
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| Soluble Niacin | water
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| Soluble Thiamin | water
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| Soluble Vitamin K | fat
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| Soluble Riboflavin | water
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| Soluble Pyridoxine (B6) | water
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| Soluble Vitamin E | fat
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| Soluble Folate | water
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| Soluble Vitamin D | fat
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