Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
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| What are the 4 main events of respiration? | pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration
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| Name the respiratory zone structures | respiratory bronchiloles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and all microscopic structures.
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| What is the function of the respiratory zone? | Site of gas exchange
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| Name the conducting zone structures. | all other resp passages from nose to bronchioles
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| List the pathway of air in order as it enters the body to the bronchi. | nose, external nares, internal nares, middle meatus, pharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx, larynx, epiglottis, glottis, vocal folds, trachea, carina, primary bronci
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| List the bones and cartilages contributing to the framework of the nose. | nasal bone, septal cartilage, maxillary bone, lateral cartilage, greater alar cartilage, lesser alar cartilages, dense fibrous connective tissue
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| Air enters the nasal cavities of the resp system through the_____? | external nares
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| The nasal cavity is divided by the midline___? | nasal septum
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| The nasal cavity's major functions are to_____? | moisten, warm, clean and filter the incoming air
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| Mucous membrane-lined cavities called___are found in several bones surrounding the nasal cavity. | paranasal sinuses
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| Paranasal sinuses make the skull less heavy and probably act as resonance chambers for____? | speech
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| The ___, is often referred to as the throat; it connects the nasal cavities with the___below. | pharynx, larynx
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| Clusters of lymphatic tissue, that are part of the defensive system of the body. | tonsils
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| What are the 3 functions of the larynx? | to provide a patent airway, switching mechanism to route air & food into proper channels, voice production
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| What cartilages anchor the vocal cords internally? | arytenoid cartilages
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| What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis? | elastic
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| What type of cartilage forms the other 8 laryngeal cartilages? | hyaline
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| Explain the difference between the cartilages of the epiglottis and the remaining eight cartilages. | The epiglottis must be flexible to be able to flap over the glottis during swallowing, and the more rigid hyaline cartilages support the walls of the larynx.
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| What is the common name for the laryngeal prominence? | Adams Apple
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| Smallest respiratory passageways are | bronchioles
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| Separates the oral and nasal cavities | palate
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| Major nerve stimulating the diaphragm | phrenic nerve
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| Food passageway posterior to the trachea | esophagus
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| Closes off the larynx during swallowing | epiglottis
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| Windpipe | trachea
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| Actual site of gas exchange | alveoli
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| Pleural layer covering the thorax walls | parietal pleura
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| Autonomic nervous system nerve serving the thorax | vagus nerve
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| Lumen of the larynx | glottis
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| Fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity that increase its surface area | conchae
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| Close the glottis during the Valsalva maneuver | Vocal folds
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| Closes the nasopharynx during swallowing | Uvula
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| The cilia of its mucosa beat upward toward the larynx | trachea
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| What muscles control the length of the true vocal cords? | intrinsic laryngeal muscles
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| The tenser the vocal cords the ______pitch | higher
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| To produce deep tones, the glottis is____ | wider
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| The greater the force of air rushing past the vocal cords, the_____the sound produced. | louder
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| Inflammation of the vocal cords is called_____ | laryngitis
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| What important role is played by the cartilage rings that reinforce the trachea? | they prevent the trachea from collapsing during the pressure changes occurring during breathing
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| Of what importance is the fact that the cartilage rings are incomplete posteriorly? | Alllows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when we swallow food or fluids.
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| What occurs when the trachealis muscle contracts and in what activities might this action be very helpful? | it constricts the tracheal lumen, causing air to be expelled with more force- coughing, yelling.
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| With the exception of the stroma of the lungs, which is___tissue, the lungs are mostly air spaces. | elastic connective
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| The bulk of the alveolar walls are made up of squamous epithelial cells called___cells. | Type I
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| Structurally , the cells are well suited for their____function. | gas exchange
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| The cuboidal cells of the alveoli, called___cells, are much less numerous. | Type II
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| Type 2 cells produce a fluid that coats the air-exposed surface of the alveolus and contains a lipid-based molecule called_____. | Surfactant
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| Surfactant functions to____of the alveolar fluid. | Decrease the surface tension
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| The nutritive blood supply of the lungs is providing by the______arteries. | Bronchial
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