anatomy and physiology
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| functions of the skin | keeps harmful stuff out of the body, retains water and electrolytes, protects internal structures,excretory functions, acts as a gland by synthesizing vitimin d, houses sensory receptors, plays a role in body temp regulation
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| skin is called | integument or cutaneous membrane
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| 2 layers | dermis and epidermis
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| thin outer layer composed of stratified squamous, no blood supply, and can be divided in to 5 layers | epidermis
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| lies on top of the dermis and has access to rich blood, cells are continuously dividing and pushing old cells to the epithelium | stratum germativum
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| hardens thew skin cells and makes the skin water resistant | keratin
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| surface layer of the epidermis composed of about 30 layers of dead flat keratinized cells | stratum corneum
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| loss of about 500 ml through skin daily, can not be felt | insensible perspiration
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| located under the epidermis and is composed of dense fibrous tissue | dermis
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| stevens johnsons syndrome is caused by what | an allergy to sulfa drugs
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| skin mirrors skin reveals | disease processes in the body, drug reactions, chronic irritation, stress level, what is going on on the inside
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| not considered part of the skin, composed primarily of adipose tissue | subcutaneous or hypodermis
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| 2 roles of subcutaneous tissue | insulates from extreme temp changes anchors the skin to underlying surfaces
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| cells that secrete a skin darkening pigment that is located deep with in the epidermal layer of the skin | melanocytes
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| strains the surrounding cells causing them to darken | melanin
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| occurs when cells fail to produce any melanin | albinism
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| loss of melanin in certain areas of the skin | vitiliago
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| yellow pigment | carotene
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| cyanosis | blue skin
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| blushing is caused by | dilation of blood vessels
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| ecchymosis | a black or blue area
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| the main function of sparse body hair | to sense insects before the bite us
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| function of eyelashes and eyebrows | protects eyes from dust and perspiration
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| hair growth is influenced by | sex hormones testosterone and estrogen
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| excessive hair growth | hirsutism
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| head hair is a collection of | dead keratinized cells
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| red hair contains | iron
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| shape of hair determines the appearance of hair round, oval, flat | straight, wavy, curly
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| contraction of this muscle makes hair stand on end | arrector pili
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| thin plates of stratified squamous that contain a hardened form of keratin | nails
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| each nail has | a root, free edge and nail body
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| caused by chronic heart and lung disease, indicates finger tips are receiving a poor oxygen supply | clubbing
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| brittle nails are due to | poor oxygenation; nutritional anemia
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| also referred to as oil glands found on the areas of the body that have hair | sebaceous glands
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| oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands what does it do | sebum helps waterproof hair and skin gradually decreases with age,
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| the cream cheese like substance on newborns secreted by sebaceous glands | vernix caseosa
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| sweat glands, located on the dermis | sudoriferous glands
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| 2 types of sweat glands | apocrine and eccrine
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| usually found in axillary and genital areas, associated with hair follicles, responds to emotion | apocrine
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| in animals the excretions act as sex attractants | pheromones (apocrine)
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| vaginal secretions of an ovulation female, cause a peak in testosterone | copuline
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| The more numerous and widely distributed of the sweat glands, esp on the forehead neck back upper lip palms and soles | eccrine glands
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| sweat secreted by eccrine glands plan and important role in | temp regulation
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| found in external and auditory canal of ear | cerminous glands
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| earwax | cerumen
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| exocrine glans and maximally secrete how much per hour | one gallon
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| temp is lowest in | am
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| inner body parts tell | core temp
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| skin and mouth tell | shell temp
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| body temp is maintained by balancing heat loss and heat production this is called | thermoregulation
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| heat is thermal energy and is produced by | millions of chemical reactions with in the body
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| 80% of heat loss occurs through20% through | the skin, respiratory and excretory processes
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| 4 means of heat loss | Radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation
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| the amount of heat that can be lost is influenced by | the amount of blood in the dermal blood vessels
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| heat is lost from a warm object to the surrounding cooler air | radiation
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| loss of heat from a warm body to a cooler object in contact with the warm object | conduction
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| loss of heat by air currents moving over the surface of the skin | convection
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| occurs when a liquid becomes gas | evaporation
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| water can not be evaporated from the skin | on a humid day
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| the thermostat of the body, located in the brain | hypothalamus
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| hypothalamus senses | changes in body temperature and sends info to the skin and skeletal muscles
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| dilate with temperature elevation | blood vessels
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| heat syncope | fainting
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| most serious of heat stress, failure of the thermoreglatory mechanisms | heat stroke
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| a baby can not------ because it has only one layer of subcutaneous fat | shiver
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| generated more heat then the metabolisms of regular adipose tissue | brown adipose tissue
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| burns are classified according to | the depth and extent of the area burned
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| burns that are red painful and slightly swollen only epidermis is involved | 1st degree
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| burns involve both epidermis and dermis, little damage to dermis, redness, pain, edema, and blisters | 2nd degree
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| burn in which epidermis and dermis are both destroyed, painless because the sensory receptors have been destroyed | 3rd degree or full thickness
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| burn injury is evaluated according to the | rule of 9
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| dead burned tissue that forms thick, scab like layer over the burned surface | eschar
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| can cut of blood supply to extremities, if it is around the chest it can prevent chest expansion and breathing, also secrets toxins in to blood | eschar
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| eschar is slit in a checkerboard pattern to facilitate expansion | escharotomy
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