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Integumentary system
anatomy and physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of the skin | keeps harmful stuff out of the body, retains water and electrolytes, protects internal structures,excretory functions, acts as a gland by synthesizing vitimin d, houses sensory receptors, plays a role in body temp regulation |
| skin is called | integument or cutaneous membrane |
| 2 layers | dermis and epidermis |
| thin outer layer composed of stratified squamous, no blood supply, and can be divided in to 5 layers | epidermis |
| lies on top of the dermis and has access to rich blood, cells are continuously dividing and pushing old cells to the epithelium | stratum germativum |
| hardens thew skin cells and makes the skin water resistant | keratin |
| surface layer of the epidermis composed of about 30 layers of dead flat keratinized cells | stratum corneum |
| loss of about 500 ml through skin daily, can not be felt | insensible perspiration |
| located under the epidermis and is composed of dense fibrous tissue | dermis |
| stevens johnsons syndrome is caused by what | an allergy to sulfa drugs |
| skin mirrors skin reveals | disease processes in the body, drug reactions, chronic irritation, stress level, what is going on on the inside |
| not considered part of the skin, composed primarily of adipose tissue | subcutaneous or hypodermis |
| 2 roles of subcutaneous tissue | insulates from extreme temp changes anchors the skin to underlying surfaces |
| cells that secrete a skin darkening pigment that is located deep with in the epidermal layer of the skin | melanocytes |
| strains the surrounding cells causing them to darken | melanin |
| occurs when cells fail to produce any melanin | albinism |
| loss of melanin in certain areas of the skin | vitiliago |
| yellow pigment | carotene |
| cyanosis | blue skin |
| blushing is caused by | dilation of blood vessels |
| ecchymosis | a black or blue area |
| the main function of sparse body hair | to sense insects before the bite us |
| function of eyelashes and eyebrows | protects eyes from dust and perspiration |
| hair growth is influenced by | sex hormones testosterone and estrogen |
| excessive hair growth | hirsutism |
| head hair is a collection of | dead keratinized cells |
| red hair contains | iron |
| shape of hair determines the appearance of hair round, oval, flat | straight, wavy, curly |
| contraction of this muscle makes hair stand on end | arrector pili |
| thin plates of stratified squamous that contain a hardened form of keratin | nails |
| each nail has | a root, free edge and nail body |
| caused by chronic heart and lung disease, indicates finger tips are receiving a poor oxygen supply | clubbing |
| brittle nails are due to | poor oxygenation; nutritional anemia |
| also referred to as oil glands found on the areas of the body that have hair | sebaceous glands |
| oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands what does it do | sebum helps waterproof hair and skin gradually decreases with age, |
| the cream cheese like substance on newborns secreted by sebaceous glands | vernix caseosa |
| sweat glands, located on the dermis | sudoriferous glands |
| 2 types of sweat glands | apocrine and eccrine |
| usually found in axillary and genital areas, associated with hair follicles, responds to emotion | apocrine |
| in animals the excretions act as sex attractants | pheromones (apocrine) |
| vaginal secretions of an ovulation female, cause a peak in testosterone | copuline |
| The more numerous and widely distributed of the sweat glands, esp on the forehead neck back upper lip palms and soles | eccrine glands |
| sweat secreted by eccrine glands plan and important role in | temp regulation |
| found in external and auditory canal of ear | cerminous glands |
| earwax | cerumen |
| exocrine glans and maximally secrete how much per hour | one gallon |
| temp is lowest in | am |
| inner body parts tell | core temp |
| skin and mouth tell | shell temp |
| body temp is maintained by balancing heat loss and heat production this is called | thermoregulation |
| heat is thermal energy and is produced by | millions of chemical reactions with in the body |
| 80% of heat loss occurs through20% through | the skin, respiratory and excretory processes |
| 4 means of heat loss | Radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation |
| the amount of heat that can be lost is influenced by | the amount of blood in the dermal blood vessels |
| heat is lost from a warm object to the surrounding cooler air | radiation |
| loss of heat from a warm body to a cooler object in contact with the warm object | conduction |
| loss of heat by air currents moving over the surface of the skin | convection |
| occurs when a liquid becomes gas | evaporation |
| water can not be evaporated from the skin | on a humid day |
| the thermostat of the body, located in the brain | hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus senses | changes in body temperature and sends info to the skin and skeletal muscles |
| dilate with temperature elevation | blood vessels |
| heat syncope | fainting |
| most serious of heat stress, failure of the thermoreglatory mechanisms | heat stroke |
| a baby can not------ because it has only one layer of subcutaneous fat | shiver |
| generated more heat then the metabolisms of regular adipose tissue | brown adipose tissue |
| burns are classified according to | the depth and extent of the area burned |
| burns that are red painful and slightly swollen only epidermis is involved | 1st degree |
| burns involve both epidermis and dermis, little damage to dermis, redness, pain, edema, and blisters | 2nd degree |
| burn in which epidermis and dermis are both destroyed, painless because the sensory receptors have been destroyed | 3rd degree or full thickness |
| burn injury is evaluated according to the | rule of 9 |
| dead burned tissue that forms thick, scab like layer over the burned surface | eschar |
| can cut of blood supply to extremities, if it is around the chest it can prevent chest expansion and breathing, also secrets toxins in to blood | eschar |
| eschar is slit in a checkerboard pattern to facilitate expansion | escharotomy |
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