Embryology
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show | Used to characterize embryo development (weeks 2-9). A Carnegie Stage between 1 and 23 is assigned to an embryo based on external features.
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Carnegie Stage 5 | show 🗑
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Carnegie Stages 7-9 | show 🗑
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Dorsal Induction | show 🗑
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show | Made up of 3 distinct layers:
1) External ectoderm
2) Neural tube
3) Neural crest.
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show | The neural crest lies between the external ectoderm and the neural tube. It contains the predecessors of neurons and glial cells.
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show | Fusion of the neural tube begins in what is to be the cervical region of the spine and begins to spread both caudally and rostrally. The rostral neuropore fuses first, and then the caudal.
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show | Several things here:
1) Rostral neuropore is closed
2) 2 pharyngeal arches appear
3) Optic vesicle appears
4) 15-20 pairs of somites are present.
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show | Two lateral longitudinal grooves that appear in the walls of the neural tube. They differentiate alar and basal plates. Alar plate derivatives will eventually be associated with sensory processing. Basal plates will be associated with motor processing.
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show | Rostral differentiation leads to 5 vesicles. Prosencephalon-telencephalon and diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon-metencephalon and myelencephalon.
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Telencephalon | show 🗑
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show | Forms the thalamus/hypothalamus.
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show | Occurs between the prosencephalon and the mesencephalon, and allows the prosencephalon to bend down and eventually swallow up the mesencephalon.
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show | Occurs between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon, at the location of the future pons. Is implicated in caudal brainstem formation.
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show | Four limb buds. A primitive mouth emerges at this point. Additionally, brain begins to differentiate into the three parts.
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Defective closure of the neural tube | show 🗑
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show | The pharyngeal arches emerge at this time.
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Pharyngeal Arches | show 🗑
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show | Forms much of the face
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show | Forms the hyoid bone.
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show | The telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), grows rapidly, forming the insula and surrounding it.
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show | What was formerly the empty cavity of the neural tube, now a continuous series of fluid filled spaces in all major components of the CNS.
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show | Contained in the cerebral hemispheres
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show | Found in diencephalon
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show | Found in the pons and rostral medulla
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show | The speech processing regions of the brain begin to slow their growth. Additionally, at this point the baby can now hear sounds!
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Synaptogenesis | show 🗑
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