Green Module Musculoskeletal
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| agonist | the muscle(s) that produces the movement
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| amphiarthrosis | slightly moveable joints
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| antagonist | the muscle(s)that relaxes in order to allow a movement
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| appendicular skeleton | consists of bones of the shoulders, hips, upper and lower extremities
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| arthritis | inflammation of the joints
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| arthrodesis | fusion/stabilization or binding of a joint
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| atlas | the first cervical vertebra which supports the skull
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| axial skeleton | consists of the bones of the skull, thorax and vertebral column
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| axis | the second cervical vertebra which provides rotation of the skull
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| bones | principal organs of support and protection in the body
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| bone marrow | found within larger bones; responsible for the production of blood cells
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| cervical vertebrae | the seven vertebrae which form the skeletal framework of the neck
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| coccyx | the tail of the vertebral column consisting of four or five fused vertebrae (tailbone)
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| compact bone | hard, outer layer of bone
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| condyle | rounded, articulating knob
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| crest | a type of bone process that has a large ridge shape
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| diaphysis | the shaft or long main portion of the bone
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| diarthrosis | freely moveable joints
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| epiphysis | the end or extremity of the bone
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| fascicle | a bundle of muscle fibres
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| femorotibial | pertaining to the femur (thigh bone) and the tibia (lower leg bone)
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| fissure | narrow, slit-like opening
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| flat bones | provide abroad surface for muscular attachment and protection for internal organs (pelvic bone)
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| foramen | rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves
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| fracture | the breakage of a bone due to trauma or disease
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| gluteus maximus | the large muscle of the buttocks
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| head | prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone
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| ilium | the lateral flaring portion of the hip bone; upper of the three parts of the hip bone
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| intervertebral disks | round structure with a gelatinous ass in the center that separates the vertebrae
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| involuntary | that which occurs with no discretionary control, usually a visceral muscle (heart action or peristalsis)
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| irregular bones | all other bones that cannot be grouped under other headings (vertebrae)
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| ischium | the lower part of the hip bone
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| kyphosis | an exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic vertebrae. (hunchback or humpback)
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| latissimus dorsi | the large muscle of the back
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| ligament | band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
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| long bones | found in extremities of the body (arms, legs and fingers)
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| lordosis | abnormal inward curvature of the spine
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| lumbar vertebrae | the five vertebrae situated in the lower back which carry most of the weight of the torso
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| meatus | opening or passage into a bone
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| metacarpectomy | excision of the bones of the hand
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| muscles | structures that contract providing movement of the bone
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| muscular tissue | refers to all of the contractile tissue of the body, two main types are voluntary and involuntary
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| musculoskeletal system | consists of bones, joints, and muscles, which provide the body with support, protection and the ability to move
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| myelocele | hernia of the spinal cord
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| osteoclasis | to break a bone for therapeutic purposes
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| osteoblast | a cell in the bone marrow that produces bone
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| osteoclast | a cell in the bone marrow that reabsorbs bone
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| osteoma | a bone tumour
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| osteoporosis | bone pores or cavities resulting from a decrease in bone density
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| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower spine and the lower portion of the trunk and both legs
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| patellapexy | surgical fixation of the kneecap
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| pelimetry | measurement of the pelvis
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| pelvis | basin-shaped structure that support the sigmoid colon, rectum, bladder and other soft organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
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| periosteum | a dense fibrous membrane that covers the surface of the bone and contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves
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| phalangeal | pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes
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| podiatry | foot treatment
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| pubis | the third portion of the hipbone that is situated in front of the bladder
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of the upper spine and all four extremities
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| ribs | a series of twelve pair of curved bones attached to the vertebral column which provides protection for internal organs
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| sacrum | the five sacral vertebrae which are fused into a single bone
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| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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| short bones | bones that are as wide as they are long (ankles, wrists)
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| sinus | cavity or hollow space in a bone
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| spina bifida | a genetic disorder that results in malformation of the spine due to imperfect joining of the vertebrae
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| sternocleidomastoid | a muscle of the chest arising from the sternum and inner part of the clavicle
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| sternum | breast bone / chest plate
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| substernal | pertaining to under the sternum
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| synarthrosis | immovable joints
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| syndactylism | condition of fingers and toes being joined together (webbed)
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| tendon | a strap composed of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
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| thoracic vertebrae | the 12 vertebrae which support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs
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| torticollis | stiff neck caused by spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles
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| trochanter | very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur
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| tubercle | small, rounded process
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| tuberosity | large, rounded process
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| vertebrae | the 26 bones which make up the adult vertebral column
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| voluntary | that which is done with control. Usually a striated muscle such as the biceps (walking, blinking)
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| appendage | Any body part attached to a main structure
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| spondylolisthesis | Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebrae from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
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| splinting | bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
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| casting | bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material
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| traction | bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture
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| talipes equinovarus | congential deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot
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| NSAIDs | decrease pain and suppress inflammation(nonsteroidal anti-inflammation drugs)
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| flexion | decreases the angle of a joint
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| bunion (halture valgus) | deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe, which may cause the tissue surrounding the joine to become swollen and tender
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| sponylosis | degeneration of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
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| crepitation | dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
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| hemarthrosis | effusion of blood into a joint cavity
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| dorsiflexion | elevates the foot
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| sequestrectomy | excision of a sequestrum
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| synovectomy | excision of a synovial membrane
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| bursectomy | excision of bursa
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| laminectomy | excision of the posterior arch of a vertebrae
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| contractive | fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
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| ganglion cyst | fluid-filled tumour that most commonly develops along the tendons or joints of the wrists of hands, nut may also appear in the feet
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| podiatry | foot treatment
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| rickets | form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
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| sequestrum | fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
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| bone grafting | implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
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| exacerbation | increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms; also called flare
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| extension | increases the angle of a joint
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| claudication | lameness, limping
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| cancellous | lattice like arrangement of boney plates occurring at the ends of long bones
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| cruciate ligaments | ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles
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| hypotonia | loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
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| plantar flexion | lowers the foot (points the toes)
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| multiple myeloma | malignant tumour of plasma cells in the bone marrow
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| rotation | moves a bone around its own axis
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| abduction | moves away from the midline
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| inversion | moves the sole of the foot inward
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| eversion | moves the sole of the foot outward
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| strain | muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch
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| (mineral) bone density test | noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density and usually measures bones of the spine, hip and forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
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| scintigraphy | nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide
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| (CTS) carpal tunnel syndrome | painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
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| subluxation | partial or incomplete dislocation
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| amputation | partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease
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| phantom limb | perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
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| articulation | place of union between two or more bones, also called joint
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| reduction | procedure that restores a bone to its normal position
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| bone immobilization | procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture and facilitate the healing process
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| hematopoiesis | production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
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| arthocentesis | puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
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| lumbarsacral spinal radiography | radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral and oblique views of the lower spine
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| myelography | radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumours, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks or other lesions
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| discography | radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
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| open reduction | reduction in which fractured bones place in their proper position during surgery
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| closed reduction | reduction in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery
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| salicylates | relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
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| muscle relaxants | relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
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| prosthesis fitting | replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity
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| bone revision sx (symptom) | revision surgery are often required to correct bone infection, misalignments of bones, broken prosthesis and fractures of the bone around the prosthesis
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| intervertebral disks | round structure with a gelatinous mass in the center that separates the vertebrae
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| foramen | rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves
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| condyle | rounded, articulating knob
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| herniated disk | rupture of a vertebral disk's center through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness or weakness in one or both legs
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| bone scintigraphy | scintigraphy procedure in which radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone
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| arthrography | series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
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| tubercle | small, rounded process
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| torticollis | stiff neck caused by spasmodic contraction of the neck muscle
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| ankylosis | stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery or abnormal bone fusion
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| revision surgery | surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prosthesis
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| arthroclasia | surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
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| (THR)total hip replacement | surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
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| sprain | tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate or complete
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| calcium supplements | treat and prevent hypocalcemia
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| gold salts | treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system
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| pronation | turns the palm dowm
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| supination | turns the palm up
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| (EMG)electromyocardiogram | use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them
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| arthroscopy | visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor
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| adduction | moves closer to the midline
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Created by:
Barbara Ross
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