Skeletal System Chapter 3 pg 63
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| Skeletal system includes | Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues
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| Functions of the Skeletal System | Support, Protection, Movement
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| Functions of the Skeletal System | Storage of lipids yellow marrow
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| Functions of the Skeletal System | Blood cell production -Hematopoesis (red marrow)
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| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | boss/e
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| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oss/i
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| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oste/o
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| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | ost/o
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| Bones are classified by | Shape, Internal tissue organization, Bone markings (surface features; marks)
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| Long bones | Are long and thin
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| Long bones examples | Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes
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| Flat bones | Are thin with parallel surfaces
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| Flat bones examples | Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
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| Sutural bones | Are small, irregular bones
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| Sutural bones examples | Are found between the flat bones of the skull
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| Irregular bones | Have complex shapes
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| Irregular bones Examples | spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones
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| Short bones | Are small and thick
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| Short bones Examples | ankle and wrist bones
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| Sesamoid bones | Are small and flat, they do not create a joint
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| Sesamoid bones | Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet
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| Bone Markings | Depressions or grooves
Along bone surface
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| Bone Markings | Projections
Where tendons and ligaments attach
At articulations with other bones
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| Bone Markings | Tunnels
Where blood and nerves enter bone
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| Structure of a Long Bone | Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis
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| Diaphysis | The shaft
A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity
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| Epiphysis | Wide part at each end
Articulation with other bones
Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
Covered with compact bone (cortex)
Epiphyseal Plate
Distal v/s proximal
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| Metaphysis | Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
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| Epiphyseal Lines | When long bone stops growing, after puberty
Epiphyseal cartilage disappears
Is visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line
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| Mature Bones As long bone matures | Osteoclasts enlarge medullary (marrow) cavity
Osteons form around blood vessels in compact bone
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| Periosteum | Covers outer surfaces of bones
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| Compact bone | Cortical, Matrix
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| Compact bone | Very strong, dense and tough, hard
Mineral deposits=Ca salt deposits
Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessel
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| Endosteum | membrane that divides Compact bone from Yellow morrow
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| Spongy bone | Honeycomb layer, lighter and slightly flexible
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| Bone marrow | where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood=Hematopoesis
In the middle of some bones is jelly-like
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| Bone tissue is composed of | Matrix and the Cells
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| Minerals: Wo thirds of bone matrix is | -calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 & Other: calcium salts and ions
-One third of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen
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| Cells : There are four main types of cells. | Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoclasts: Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)
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| Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that form new bone
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| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
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| Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells
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| Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)
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| Skeletal system includes | Bones of the skeleton
Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues
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| Functions of the Skeletal System | Support
Storage of minerals (calcium( Ca))
Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)
Blood cell production -Hematopoesis (red marrow)
Protection
Movement
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| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oss/e, oss/i
oste/o, ost/o
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| Bones are classified by | Shape
Internal tissue organization
Bone markings (surface features; marks)
🗑
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| Long bones | Are long and thin
Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes
🗑
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| Flat bones | Are thin with parallel surfaces
Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
🗑
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| Sutural bones | Are small, irregular bones
Are found between the flat bones of the skull
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| Irregular bones | Have complex shapes
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| Irregular bones Examples: | spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones
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| Short bones | Are small and thick
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| Short bones | Examples: ankle and wrist bones
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| Sesamoid bones | Are small and flat, they do not create a joint
Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet
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| Bone Markings: Depressions or grooves | Along bone surface
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| Bone Markings: Projections | Where tendons and ligaments attach
At articulations with other bones
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| Bone Markings: Tunnels | Where blood and nerves enter bone
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| Structure of a Long Bone: Diaphysis | The shaft
A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity
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| Structure of a Long Bone: Epiphysis | Wide part at each end
Articulation with other bones
Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
Covered with compact bone (cortex)
Epiphyseal Plate
Distal v/s proximal
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| Structure of a Long Bone: Metaphysis | Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
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| Epiphyseal Lines | When long bone stops growing, after puberty
Epiphyseal cartilage disappears
Is visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line
🗑
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| Mature Bones | As long bone matures
Osteoclasts enlarge medullary (marrow) cavity
Osteons form around blood vessels in compact bone
🗑
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| Periosteum | Covers outer surfaces of bones
🗑
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| Compact bone | Cortical, Matrix
-Very strong, dense and tough, hard
-Mineral deposits=Ca salt deposits
-Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessel
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| Endosteum | membrane that divides Compact bone from Yellow morrow
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| Spongy bone | Honeycomb layer, lighter and slightly flexible
🗑
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| Bone marrow | -where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood=Hematopoesis
-In the middle of some bones is jelly-like
🗑
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| Cells : There are four main types of cells. | Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoprogenitor, Osteoclasts
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| Osteoblasts: | Immature bone cells that form new bone
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| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
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| Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells
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| Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)
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| Skeletal System Procedures | Closed reduction
Alignment of fracture bones
Open reduction
Surgical alignment of fractured bones
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| Closed reduction | Alignment of fracture bones
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| Open reduction | Surgical alignment of fractured bones
Screws, pins, nails, maintain the alignment
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| Diagnostic Procedures | DEXA
Bone density
Arthrocentesis
Joint problems
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| Treatment for Talipes | Surgery
Releases tightness around the joints
Breaking and resetting ankle bones
Repositions tendons
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| Talipes | Congenital
Clubfoot
Foot turns inward at the ankle
Bottom of foot does not touch flat to the ground or other surface
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| Congenital Skeletal Conditions | Lordosis
Scoliosis
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| Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that form new bone
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| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
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| Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells
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| Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)
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| Bone building | osteoblasts
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| bone recycling | osteoclasts
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| lagunae | Osteocytes are housed
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| Lagunaes | -are arranged in concentric lamellae
Around a central canal containing blood vessels
Perforating Canals:
perpendicular to the central canal
carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
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| Lamellae | -wrapped around the long bone
-Bind osteons together
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