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Medical Term 1
Skeletal System Chapter 3 pg 63
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeletal system includes | Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues |
| Functions of the Skeletal System | Support, Protection, Movement |
| Functions of the Skeletal System | Storage of lipids yellow marrow |
| Functions of the Skeletal System | Blood cell production -Hematopoesis (red marrow) |
| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | boss/e |
| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oss/i |
| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oste/o |
| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | ost/o |
| Bones are classified by | Shape, Internal tissue organization, Bone markings (surface features; marks) |
| Long bones | Are long and thin |
| Long bones examples | Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes |
| Flat bones | Are thin with parallel surfaces |
| Flat bones examples | Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae |
| Sutural bones | Are small, irregular bones |
| Sutural bones examples | Are found between the flat bones of the skull |
| Irregular bones | Have complex shapes |
| Irregular bones Examples | spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones |
| Short bones | Are small and thick |
| Short bones Examples | ankle and wrist bones |
| Sesamoid bones | Are small and flat, they do not create a joint |
| Sesamoid bones | Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet |
| Bone Markings | Depressions or grooves Along bone surface |
| Bone Markings | Projections Where tendons and ligaments attach At articulations with other bones |
| Bone Markings | Tunnels Where blood and nerves enter bone |
| Structure of a Long Bone | Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis |
| Diaphysis | The shaft A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity |
| Epiphysis | Wide part at each end Articulation with other bones Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone Covered with compact bone (cortex) Epiphyseal Plate Distal v/s proximal |
| Metaphysis | Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet |
| Epiphyseal Lines | When long bone stops growing, after puberty Epiphyseal cartilage disappears Is visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line |
| Mature Bones As long bone matures | Osteoclasts enlarge medullary (marrow) cavity Osteons form around blood vessels in compact bone |
| Periosteum | Covers outer surfaces of bones |
| Compact bone | Cortical, Matrix |
| Compact bone | Very strong, dense and tough, hard Mineral deposits=Ca salt deposits Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessel |
| Endosteum | membrane that divides Compact bone from Yellow morrow |
| Spongy bone | Honeycomb layer, lighter and slightly flexible |
| Bone marrow | where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood=Hematopoesis In the middle of some bones is jelly-like |
| Bone tissue is composed of | Matrix and the Cells |
| Minerals: Wo thirds of bone matrix is | -calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 & Other: calcium salts and ions -One third of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen |
| Cells : There are four main types of cells. | Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoclasts: Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
| Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that form new bone |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix |
| Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells |
| Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
| Skeletal system includes | Bones of the skeleton Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues |
| Functions of the Skeletal System | Support Storage of minerals (calcium( Ca)) Storage of lipids (yellow marrow) Blood cell production -Hematopoesis (red marrow) Protection Movement |
| Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oss/e, oss/i oste/o, ost/o |
| Bones are classified by | Shape Internal tissue organization Bone markings (surface features; marks) |
| Long bones | Are long and thin Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes |
| Flat bones | Are thin with parallel surfaces Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae |
| Sutural bones | Are small, irregular bones Are found between the flat bones of the skull |
| Irregular bones | Have complex shapes |
| Irregular bones Examples: | spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones |
| Short bones | Are small and thick |
| Short bones | Examples: ankle and wrist bones |
| Sesamoid bones | Are small and flat, they do not create a joint Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet |
| Bone Markings: Depressions or grooves | Along bone surface |
| Bone Markings: Projections | Where tendons and ligaments attach At articulations with other bones |
| Bone Markings: Tunnels | Where blood and nerves enter bone |
| Structure of a Long Bone: Diaphysis | The shaft A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity |
| Structure of a Long Bone: Epiphysis | Wide part at each end Articulation with other bones Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone Covered with compact bone (cortex) Epiphyseal Plate Distal v/s proximal |
| Structure of a Long Bone: Metaphysis | Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet |
| Epiphyseal Lines | When long bone stops growing, after puberty Epiphyseal cartilage disappears Is visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line |
| Mature Bones | As long bone matures Osteoclasts enlarge medullary (marrow) cavity Osteons form around blood vessels in compact bone |
| Periosteum | Covers outer surfaces of bones |
| Compact bone | Cortical, Matrix -Very strong, dense and tough, hard -Mineral deposits=Ca salt deposits -Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessel |
| Endosteum | membrane that divides Compact bone from Yellow morrow |
| Spongy bone | Honeycomb layer, lighter and slightly flexible |
| Bone marrow | -where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood=Hematopoesis -In the middle of some bones is jelly-like |
| Cells : There are four main types of cells. | Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoprogenitor, Osteoclasts |
| Osteoblasts: | Immature bone cells that form new bone |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix |
| Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells |
| Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
| Skeletal System Procedures | Closed reduction Alignment of fracture bones Open reduction Surgical alignment of fractured bones |
| Closed reduction | Alignment of fracture bones |
| Open reduction | Surgical alignment of fractured bones Screws, pins, nails, maintain the alignment |
| Diagnostic Procedures | DEXA Bone density Arthrocentesis Joint problems |
| Treatment for Talipes | Surgery Releases tightness around the joints Breaking and resetting ankle bones Repositions tendons |
| Talipes | Congenital Clubfoot Foot turns inward at the ankle Bottom of foot does not touch flat to the ground or other surface |
| Congenital Skeletal Conditions | Lordosis Scoliosis |
| Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that form new bone |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix |
| Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells |
| Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
| Bone building | osteoblasts |
| bone recycling | osteoclasts |
| lagunae | Osteocytes are housed |
| Lagunaes | -are arranged in concentric lamellae Around a central canal containing blood vessels Perforating Canals: perpendicular to the central canal carry blood vessels into bone and marrow |
| Lamellae | -wrapped around the long bone -Bind osteons together |
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