Large Animal Medical Nursing GI, Liver, neurologic
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| The most common signs of gastrointestinal disease in the adult horse include | colic, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, and fever
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| testing for gastrointestinal disease may include | hematology and serum chemistry, oral examination, rectal exam, abdominocentesis, US, radiography, endoscopic exam of the stomach and fecal diagnostic testing
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| most common GI condition in horses referring to any condition that causes abdominal pain | colic
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| treatments of colic include | minimal -analgesics, hand walking, sedation and laxatives (mineral oil via nasogastric tube); aggressive - intensive treatment either medical or surgical
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| List of supplies for a colic work up | nasogastric tube, standard blood work, sedating medications, IVC, US, rectal exam gloves, abdominocentesis
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| the typical colic exam should include assessment of | pain, attitude, temperature, pulse, respiration, mucous membrane color, CRT, and GI motility (absence of GI sounds is significant)
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| mild pain form colic can include these signs | pawing, stretching out with or without attempts to urinate, curling the upper lip or standing quietly without a desire to move or eat
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| severe pain from colic can include these signs | violent attempts to throw themselves to the ground, rolling back and forth, banging the side of their head on the ground, inability to stand, elevated heart rate
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| Colic patients needing surgery to correct abdominal displacement have an incision at | the right flank laparotomy
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| there are several things to take into account when deciding which surgical approach to use these include | direction of the displacemnt, the presence of volvulus, the condition of the animal, and the surgeons preference
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| predisposing conditions for gastric and colonic ulcerations include | stress, a high-grain diet, musculoskeletal pain and administration of NSAIDs
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| clinical signs of ulcerations include | bruxism(grinding) of the teeth, hypersalivation, abdominal pain after eating, and anorexia
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| treatment of ulcerations include | antiulcer medications, ex histamine blockers, intestinal protectants, and proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole), reducing stress and feeding small frequent grain meals with alfalfa hay
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| Colonic ulcer occur where | in the right dorsal colon and are secondary to "Bute" (phenylbutazone NSAID) toxicosis
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| other than being hard to treat colonic ulcers can cause | abdominal pain, marked protein loss, melena, peritonitis, colonic stricture or colonic rupture (right dorsal colitis)
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| the most predisposing factors for the development of phenylbutazone toxicosis is | dehydration and excessive dosages
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| colitis in horses can result in rapid fluid loss (hypovolemia), shock, endotoxemia, electrolyte loss and acid-base imbalance as a result of | diarrhea
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| other clinical signs of colitis include | depression, inappetence, abdominal pain, tachycardia, injected (brick red) mucous membranes and prolonged CRT
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| common causes of acute colitis in horses are | infectious (salmonellosis, clostridiosis, ehrichiosis, stongyle infection), toxic (NSAIDS, blister beetle toxicity, antibiotic adminsitration)
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| the most life threatening causes of colitis include | salmonella, clostridium and neorickettsia risticii (Ehrlichia)
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| the treatment for patients with colitis inclued | quarintine, IVF to support cardiovascular system, replace fluid losses and correct electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, colloid therapy (plasma, hetastarch)
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| complications of colitis include | laminitis (founder), cardiovascular collapse, cardiac arrhythmias and thrombophlebitis
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| illness caused by N risticii and produces diarrhea, fever, abortion and laminitis | potomac horse fever
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| obstruction of the esophagus, usually as a result of impacted food in the esopagus | choke
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| the most common neoplasia in horses and most commonly affects the GI tract | lymphosarcoma
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| most common neoplasia of the stomach is | squamous cell carcinoma
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| liver disease in horses can result from | toxic, infectious, inflammation, metabolic, obstructive and neoplactic causes
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| the best way to determine the cause of liver disease is | liver biopsy
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| four most common brain disorders are | rabies, equine viral encephalitis, leukoencephalomalacia and head trauma
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| horses should be vaccinated for rabies on an | annual basis
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| four main types of equine encephalitis are | eastern, western, venzuelan and west nile
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| encephalitis is transmitted by | mosquitoes
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| clinical signs of encephalitis range from | neurologic signs, ataxia, fever, depression hyperesthesia
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| treatment for encephalitis is | supportive care for hydration and diet
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| diagnosing for encephalitis is done through | serologic testing for antibodies
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| vaccination against encephalitis includes | Eastern, western and west nile and is very effective 2-3 times a year
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| equine leukoencephalomalacia is also called | moldy corn toxicity
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| EL is caused by | the ingestion of a fungal toxin in corn that causes liquefactive necrosis of the cerebral cortex.
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| EL signs include | head pressing, depression, altered states of consciousness, grave prognosis
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| two types of skull fractures causing head trauma include | depression fractures of the frontal and parietal bones from frontal impact. fractures of the petrous temporal bone and of the juction of the basisphenoid and basioccipital bone from flipping over backwards
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| treatment for skull fractures includes | supportive care and sometimes surgery to decompress frontal and parietal fractures to improve neurologic signs with snti-inflammatory therapy and DMSO
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| a syndrome of adult horses that results from arthritis at the junction of the stylohyoid bone and temporal bone in the head just below the inner ear | temperohyoid osteoarthropathy THO
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| THO caused by | arthritis itself or to fracture of bones surrounding the joint
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| clinical signs of THO include | if damage to the vestibular and facial nerves then head tilt, ataxia, nystagmus, facial paralysis and difficulty swallowing
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| treatment of THO include | anti-inflammatories and antibiotics or surgery to remove a portion of the stylohyoid or ceratohyoid bone to decrease pressure at the joint and prevent facture
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| the five most common spinal cord injuries include | wobbler syndrome, equine protozoal myelitis, equine rhinopneumonitis, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy and vertebral fracture
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| damage to the spinal cord causes | spinal ataxia (incoordination of the limbs without abnormalities of the brain and brainstem)causing dog sitting and recombency
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| diagnostics to aid in spinal cord disorders include | neurologic exam, cervical x-rays, myelographic exam, CSF analysis
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| cervical vertebral malforation (Wobbler syndrome) is a manisfestation of developmental orthopedic disease characterized by | compression of the cervical spinal cord by malformed or unstable cervical vertebrae
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| clinical signs and treatment include | symmetric incoordination usually in the hind limbs requiring surgery to improve neurologic status of patients
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| equine protozoal myelitis EPM is caused by a | protozoan parasite called sarcocystis neurona, where opossums are the primary hosts and is transmitted most likely via fecal-oral transmission.
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| signs and treatment of EPM include | ataxia, weakness, muscle atrophy, cranial nerve damage. it is treated with antiprotozoal medications
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| a virus that not only causes neurologic disease but can cause respiratory disease, abortion is called | equine herpesvirus
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| equine herpesvirus clinical signs include | ascending paralysis of hindlimbs most often, urinary incontinence, poor tail tone.
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| treatment of equine herpesvirus includes | antiviral medication and supportive care
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| prognosis of equine herpesvirus is | 80% return to normal neurologic function. it is not reportable to the state vet and patients are to be isolated as now the outbreaks are more fatal
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| equine degenerative myelopathy causes | symmetric spinal ataxia more severe in the hindlimbs. poor prognosis for return to normal neurologic function
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| most common sites of vertebral fracture are | cervical (sx attempted), caudal thoracic and thoraccolumbar (sx not attempted)
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| highly fatal neurologic disease in horses characterized by stiff, stilted gait, hyperexcitability, seizure, and coma | tetanus-organism present in the environment usually from a wound. horses should be vaccinated annually
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| a rapidly progressive often fatal neurologic disease characterized by profound weakness, muscle fasciculations and dysphagia(inablility to swallow). | botulism-the organism produces a neurotoxin that may gain entry to the body by colonizing the intestinal tract, infected wounds or contaminating feedstuff. preventable via vaccination
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